Abstract
The impact of four weed management systems on weed seed reserves in soil, yearly weed problem, and production of barley, corn, pinto bean, and sugarbeet was assessed where these crops were grown in rotation for 4 consecutive years in four cropping sequences. Weeds were controlled in each crop with only conventional tillage or conventional tillage plus minimum, moderate (system 1), and intensive (system 2) levels of herbicides. Seed of annual weeds from 11 genera were identified, with barnyardgrass and redroot pigweed comprising 66 and 19%, respectively, of the initial 90 million weed seed/ha present in the upper 25 cm of the soil profile. After the fourth cropping year, overall decline in total number of weed seed in soil was 53% when averaged over four cropping sequences and four weed management systems. Over the 4-yr period, about 10 times more weeds escaped control in system 1 than in system 2; and within a crop, the fewest number of weeds escaped control annually in barley. System 2 had the highest herbicide use in each cropping sequence, the fewest weeds at harvest, and the smallest adjusted gross return over the 4-yr period in three of four cropping sequences.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Barnyardgrass comprised 66% of the initial weed seed bank.
- Taxon
- barley, corn, pinto bean, and sugarbeete0
- Interactor
- barnyardgrass
Echinochloa crus-gallie1weed - Outcome
- barnyardgrasse1
- Value
- 66e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“production of barley, corn, pinto bean, and sugarbeet”
e1“barnyardgrass and redroot pigweed comprising 66 and 19%, respectively, of the initial 90 million weed seed/ha present in the upper 25 cm of the soil profile.”
Claim · model-written summary
Redroot pigweed comprised 19% of the initial weed seed bank.
Verbatim
e0“production of barley, corn, pinto bean, and sugarbeet”
e1“barnyardgrass and redroot pigweed comprising 66 and 19%, respectively, of the initial 90 million weed seed/ha present in the upper 25 cm of the soil profile.”
Claim · model-written summary
Total soil weed seed declined 53% after four crop years averaged across management systems and sequences.
Verbatim
e0“production of barley, corn, pinto bean, and sugarbeet”
e1“After the fourth cropping year, overall decline in total number of weed seed in soil was 53% when averaged over four cropping sequences and four weed management systems.”
Claim · model-written summary
About ten times more weeds escaped control under system 1 than system 2.
Verbatim
e0“production of barley, corn, pinto bean, and sugarbeet”
e1“about 10 times more weeds escaped control in system 1 than in system 2”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley had the fewest annual weed escapes within a crop.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Outcome
- weeds escaped controle0
- Direction
- feweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“within a crop, the fewest number of weeds escaped control annually in barley.”
Claim · model-written summary
System 2 used the most herbicide in each cropping sequence.
Verbatim
e0“production of barley, corn, pinto bean, and sugarbeet”
e1“System 2 had the highest herbicide use in each cropping sequence, the fewest weeds at harvest, and the smallest adjusted gross return over the 4-yr period in three of four cropping sequences.”
Claim · model-written summary
System 2 had the fewest weeds at harvest.
Verbatim
e0“production of barley, corn, pinto bean, and sugarbeet”
e1“System 2 had the highest herbicide use in each cropping sequence, the fewest weeds at harvest, and the smallest adjusted gross return over the 4-yr period in three of four cropping sequences.”
Claim · model-written summary
System 2 had the smallest adjusted gross return in three of four cropping sequences.
Verbatim
e0“production of barley, corn, pinto bean, and sugarbeet”
e1“System 2 had the highest herbicide use in each cropping sequence, the fewest weeds at harvest, and the smallest adjusted gross return over the 4-yr period in three of four cropping sequences.”