Abstract
Background Poa annua L. is an example of a plant characterized by abundant, worldwide distribution from polar to equatorial regions. Due to its high plasticity and extraordinary expansiveness, P. annua is considered an invasive species capable of occupying and surviving in a wide range of habitats including pioneer zones, areas intensively transformed by human activities, remote subarctic meadows and even the Antarctic Peninsula region. Methods In the present study, we evaluated the utility of inter-primer binding site (iPBS) markers for assessing the genetic variation of P. annua populations representing contrasting environments from the worldwide range of this species. The electrophoretic patterns of polymerase chain reaction products obtained for each individual were used to estimate the genetic diversity and differentiation between populations. Results iPBS genotyping revealed a pattern of genetic variation differentiating the six studied P. annua populations characterized by their different climatic conditions. According to the analysis of molecular variance, the greatest genetic variation was recorded among populations, whereas 41.75% was observed between individuals within populations. The results of principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and model-based clustering analysis showed a clear subdivision of analyzed populations. According to PCoA, populations from Siberia and the Kola Peninsula were the most different from each other and showed the lowest genetic variability. The application of STRUCTURE software confirmed the unique character of the population from the Kola Peninsula. Discussion The lowest variability of the Siberia population suggested that it was subjected to genetic drift. However, although demographic expansion was indicated by negative values of Fu’s F S statistic and analysis of mismatch distribution, it was not followed by significant traces of a bottleneck or a founder effect. For the Antarctic population, the observed level of genetic variation was surprisingly high, despite the observed significant traces of bottleneck/founder effect following demographic expansion, and was similar to that observed in populations from Poland and the Balkans. For the Antarctic population, the multiple introduction events from different sources are considered to be responsible for such an observation. Moreover, the results of STRUCTURE and PCoA showed that the P. annua from Antarctica has the highest genetic similarity to populations from Europe. Conclusions The observed polymorphism should be considered as a consequence of the joint influence of external abiotic stress and the selection process. Environmental changes, due to their ability to induce transposon activation, lead to the acceleration of evolutionary processes through the production of genetic variability.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
iPBS genotyping differentiated six Poa annua populations from different climates.
Poa annuaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“iPBS genotyping revealed a pattern of genetic variation differentiating the six studied P. annua populations characterized by their different climatic conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Most genetic variation was among populations, with 41.75% between individuals within populations.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the greatest genetic variation was recorded among populations, whereas 41.75% was observed between individuals within populations”
t0“Poa annua”
Claim · model-written summary
PCoA and clustering distinguished the analyzed populations.
- Outcome
- clear subdivision of analyzed populationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and model-based clustering analysis showed a clear subdivision of analyzed populations”
t0“Poa annua”
Claim · model-written summary
Siberian and Kola Peninsula populations were most different from each other and had the lowest genetic variability.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“populations from Siberia and the Kola Peninsula were the most different from each other and showed the lowest genetic variability”
t0“Poa annua”
Claim · model-written summary
STRUCTURE supported the distinctiveness of the Kola Peninsula population.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of STRUCTURE software confirmed the unique character of the population from the Kola Peninsula”
t0“Poa annua”
Claim · model-written summary
Low variability in the Siberian population suggested genetic drift.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lowest variability of the Siberia population suggested that it was subjected to genetic drift”
t0“Poa annua”
Claim · model-written summary
Demographic expansion was indicated without significant bottleneck or founder effect traces.
- Outcome
- demographic expansione0
- Qualifier
- not followed by significant traces of a bottleneck or a founder effecte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“demographic expansion was indicated by negative values of Fu’s F S statistic and analysis of mismatch distribution, it was not followed by significant traces of a bottleneck or a founder effect”
t0“Poa annua”
Claim · model-written summary
Antarctic genetic variation was high and similar to Polish and Balkan populations despite significant bottleneck or founder effect traces.
- Outcome
- level of genetic variatione0
- Direction
- surprisingly highe0
- Comparator
- populations from Poland and the Balkanse0
- Setting
- Antarctice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For the Antarctic population, the observed level of genetic variation was surprisingly high, despite the observed significant traces of bottleneck/founder effect following demographic expansion, and was similar to that observed in populations from Poland and the Balkans”
t0“Poa annua”
Claim · model-written summary
Multiple introductions from different sources were proposed to explain Antarctic genetic variation.
- Outcome
- such an observatione0
- Qualifier
- multiple introduction events from different sourcese0
- Setting
- Antarctice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For the Antarctic population, the multiple introduction events from different sources are considered to be responsible for such an observation”
t0“Poa annua”
Claim · model-written summary
Antarctic Poa annua was genetically most similar to European populations.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the P. annua from Antarctica has the highest genetic similarity to populations from Europe”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attributed observed polymorphism to abiotic stress and selection.
- Outcome
- observed polymorphisme0
- Qualifier
- joint influence of external abiotic stress and the selection processe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The observed polymorphism should be considered as a consequence of the joint influence of external abiotic stress and the selection process”
t0“Poa annua”
Claim · model-written summary
Environmental changes were proposed to accelerate evolution through transposon activation and genetic variability.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Environmental changes, due to their ability to induce transposon activation, lead to the acceleration of evolutionary processes through the production of genetic variability”
t0“Poa annua”