Abstract
Calymperaceae is a large moss family well represented in lowland tropical rain forests worldwide. To date, both infra- and extra-familial relationships in Calymperaceae remain largely unresolved. Here, we present a multi-locus phylogenetic hypothesis based on one ribosomal, one mitochondrial and four plastid markers from 61 taxa with the aim to: 1) test the monophyly of Calymperes; 2) evaluate the subgeneric classification for Syrrhopodon; 3) estimate divergence times in light of the “shadow of the angiosperms” hypothesis; and 4) examine the global-scale phylogeographic patterns in light of predictions that lowland tropical bryophytes have higher dispersal capacities than extra-tropical taxa. Our analysis, which now includes 15% of the family's Neotropical representatives, corroborates the monophyly of Calymperes, Mitthyridium and the Leucobryoid taxa, and demonstrates that leaf morphology (including leucobryoid characters) are evolutionarily labile traits. The large genus Syrrhopodon continues as polyphyletic, and only subgenera Leucophanella, Heliconema and Pseudocalymperes were recovered as monophyletic. The largest limbate subgenus Hyalolimbatae is polyphyletic with sampled taxa distributed among three separately supported clades. Divergence time analyses suggest a relatively recent (Mid to Late Miocene) radiation accompanying the spread of tropical forests coupled by multiple, independent pantropical exchanges. Although strong phylogeographic signal was recovered, multiple sister groups showed close geographical ties among Amazonian and Asian Pacific taxa suggesting that inter-continental migrations followed by cladogenic events occurred repeatedly starting from 20 mya. Evidence for inter-continental exchanges (i.e., long distance dispersal) in the relatively recent geological past is particularly unexpected for Calymperaceae as the family is dioecious (a rare trait for pantropical bryophytes), and characterized by low sporophyte production.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Calymperes was corroborated as monophyletic.
- Taxon
- Calymperes
.jpg?width=60)
Calymperese0 - Outcome
- monophylye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“corroborates the monophyly of Calymperes, Mitthyridium and the Leucobryoid taxa”
Claim · model-written summary
Mitthyridium was corroborated as monophyletic.
- Taxon
- MitthyridiumMitthyridiume0
- Outcome
- monophylye0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“corroborates the monophyly of Calymperes, Mitthyridium and the Leucobryoid taxa”
Claim · model-written summary
Leucobryoid taxa were corroborated as monophyletic.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“corroborates the monophyly of Calymperes, Mitthyridium and the Leucobryoid taxa”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf morphology, including leucobryoid characters, is evolutionarily labile in Calymperaceae.
- Taxon
- CalymperaceaeCalymperaceaee1
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Outcome
- evolutionarily labile traitse0
- Qualifier
- including leucobryoid characterse0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“demonstrates that leaf morphology (including leucobryoid characters) are evolutionarily labile traits.”
e1“Calymperaceae is a large moss family well represented in lowland tropical rain forests worldwide.”
Claim · model-written summary
Syrrhopodon remains polyphyletic.
- Taxon
- Syrrhopodon
Syrrhopodone0 - Outcome
- polyphyletice0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The large genus Syrrhopodon continues as polyphyletic”
Claim · model-written summary
Leucophanella was recovered as monophyletic.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“only subgenera Leucophanella, Heliconema and Pseudocalymperes were recovered as monophyletic.”
Claim · model-written summary
Heliconema was recovered as monophyletic.
- Taxon
- HeliconemaHeliconemae0
- Outcome
- monophyletice0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“only subgenera Leucophanella, Heliconema and Pseudocalymperes were recovered as monophyletic.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudocalymperes was recovered as monophyletic.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“only subgenera Leucophanella, Heliconema and Pseudocalymperes were recovered as monophyletic.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hyalolimbatae is polyphyletic, with sampled taxa in three separately supported clades.
- Taxon
- Hyalolimbataee0
- Outcome
- polyphyletice0
- Qualifier
- sampled taxa distributed among three separately supported cladese0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The largest limbate subgenus Hyalolimbatae is polyphyletic with sampled taxa distributed among three separately supported clades.”
Claim · model-written summary
Divergence analyses suggest a Mid to Late Miocene Calymperaceae radiation accompanying tropical forest spread.
- Taxon
- CalymperaceaeCalymperaceaee1
- Outcome
- radiatione0
- Qualifier
- Mid to Late Miocenee0
- Setting
- tropical forestse0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Divergence time analyses suggest a relatively recent (Mid to Late Miocene) radiation accompanying the spread of tropical forests coupled by multiple, independent pantropical exchanges.”
e1“Calymperaceae is a large moss family well represented in lowland tropical rain forests worldwide.”
Claim · model-written summary
The analyses suggest multiple independent pantropical exchanges in Calymperaceae.
- Taxon
- CalymperaceaeCalymperaceaee1
- Outcome
- multiple, independent pantropical exchangese0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Divergence time analyses suggest a relatively recent (Mid to Late Miocene) radiation accompanying the spread of tropical forests coupled by multiple, independent pantropical exchanges.”
e1“Calymperaceae is a large moss family well represented in lowland tropical rain forests worldwide.”
Claim · model-written summary
Strong phylogeographic signal was recovered in Calymperaceae.
- Taxon
- CalymperaceaeCalymperaceaee1
- Outcome
- strong phylogeographic signale0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Although strong phylogeographic signal was recovered”
e1“Calymperaceae is a large moss family well represented in lowland tropical rain forests worldwide.”
Claim · model-written summary
Multiple Calymperaceae sister groups showed close geographical ties between Amazonian and Asian Pacific taxa.
- Taxon
- CalymperaceaeCalymperaceaee1
- Outcome
- close geographical tiese0
- Setting
- Amazonian and Asian Pacifice0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“multiple sister groups showed close geographical ties among Amazonian and Asian Pacific taxa”
e1“Calymperaceae is a large moss family well represented in lowland tropical rain forests worldwide.”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercontinental migrations followed by cladogenic events are inferred to have occurred repeatedly from 20 mya in Calymperaceae.
- Taxon
- CalymperaceaeCalymperaceaee1
- Outcome
- inter-continental migrations followed by cladogenic eventse0
- Value
- 20 myae0
- Qualifier
- occurred repeatedlye0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“suggesting that inter-continental migrations followed by cladogenic events occurred repeatedly starting from 20 mya.”
e1“Calymperaceae is a large moss family well represented in lowland tropical rain forests worldwide.”