Abstract
The arthropod communities are influenced by both local conditions and features of the surrounding landscape. Landscape complexity and stand factors may both influence arthropod communities in poplar forests, but the multiscale effects of these factors on poplar defoliators and natural enemies are still poorly understood. We collected poplar arthropods at 30 sampling sites within five forest landscapes in Xinjiang, China, and assessed whether landscape complexity and stand factors influence species abundance and diversity of poplar arthropods. Landscape complexity was quantified by several independent metrics of landscape composition, configuration, and connectivity at three spatial scales. We also determined the most powerful explanatory variables and the scale effect of each arthropod. Results found that landscape complexity and stand factors had different effects on different poplar arthropod communities. Landscape complexity promoted natural enemies at different spatial scales, but it inhibited the population of poplar defoliators at the scale of 200 m. Specifically, the abundance and diversity of all defoliators decreased with increasing proportion of nonhost plants. Landscape diversity only had a negative effect on defoliator abundance. The shape complexity of habitat patches increased the abundance of carabid beetles but reduced the abundance of green leafhoppers and migratory locusts. The abundance and diversity of predators increased with increasing structural connectivity of forest landscape. Additionally, both the abundance and diversity of all defoliators were positively correlated with the average height of herbaceous plants. Diversity of all defoliators increased with increasing size of host trees. The distance from sampling site to the nearest village positively influenced the abundance and diversity of all predators. Arthropod abundance and diversity in poplar forests were driven by stand factors and landscape complexity. Therefore, maintaining complex shape and structural connectivity of habitat patches and keeping poplar stands away from the village are crucial for management of forest landscape to enhance natural enemies. And in order to reduce the abundance of defoliators in poplar forest, the diversity of surrounding habitat types should be promoted within 200 m radii.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Landscape complexity promoted natural enemies at different spatial scales in poplar forests.
- Treatment
- Landscape complexitye1
- Interactor
- natural enemiese1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- natural enemiese1
- Direction
- promotede1
- Qualifier
- at different spatial scalese1
PopulusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in poplar forests”
e1“Landscape complexity promoted natural enemies at different spatial scales, but it inhibited the population of poplar defoliators at the scale of 200 m”
Claim · model-written summary
Landscape complexity inhibited the population of poplar defoliators at the 200 m scale.
- Treatment
- Landscape complexitye1
- Interactor
- poplar defoliatorse1pest
- Outcome
- population of poplar defoliatorse1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
- Qualifier
- at the scale of 200 me1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in poplar forests”
e1“Landscape complexity promoted natural enemies at different spatial scales, but it inhibited the population of poplar defoliators at the scale of 200 m”
Claim · model-written summary
Abundance and diversity of all defoliators decreased as the proportion of nonhost plants increased.
- Treatment
- proportion of nonhost plantse2
- Interactor
- all defoliatorse2pest
- Outcome
- abundance and diversity of all defoliatorse2
- Direction
- decreasede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in poplar forests”
e2“the abundance and diversity of all defoliators decreased with increasing proportion of nonhost plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Landscape diversity had only a negative effect on defoliator abundance in poplar forests.
- Treatment
- Landscape diversitye0
- Interactor
- defoliatore0pest
- Outcome
- defoliator abundancee0
- Direction
- negative effecte0
- Qualifier
- onlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in poplar forests”
e0“Landscape diversity only had a negative effect on defoliator abundance”
Claim · model-written summary
Shape complexity of habitat patches increased the abundance of carabid beetles in poplar forests.
- Treatment
- shape complexity of habitat patchese3
- Interactor
- carabid beetlese3biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- abundance of carabid beetlese3
- Direction
- increasede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in poplar forests”
e3“The shape complexity of habitat patches increased the abundance of carabid beetles but reduced the abundance of green leafhoppers and migratory locusts”
Claim · model-written summary
Shape complexity of habitat patches reduced the abundance of green leafhoppers and migratory locusts in poplar forests.
- Treatment
- shape complexity of habitat patchese3
- Interactor
- green leafhopperse3pest
- Second interactor
- migratory locusts
Locusta migratoriae3pest - Outcome
- abundance of green leafhoppers and migratory locustse3
- Direction
- reducede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in poplar forests”
e3“The shape complexity of habitat patches increased the abundance of carabid beetles but reduced the abundance of green leafhoppers and migratory locusts”
Claim · model-written summary
Abundance and diversity of predators increased with structural connectivity of the forest landscape.
- Treatment
- structural connectivity of forest landscapee4
- Interactor
- predatorse4biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- abundance and diversity of predatorse4
- Direction
- increasede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in poplar forests”
e4“The abundance and diversity of predators increased with increasing structural connectivity of forest landscape”
Claim · model-written summary
Abundance and diversity of all defoliators were positively correlated with the average height of herbaceous plants.
- Treatment
- average height of herbaceous plantse5
- Interactor
- all defoliatorse5pest
- Outcome
- abundance and diversity of all defoliatorse5
- Direction
- positively correlatede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in poplar forests”
e5“both the abundance and diversity of all defoliators were positively correlated with the average height of herbaceous plants. Diversity of all defoliators increased with increasing size of host trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Diversity of all defoliators increased with the size of host trees.
- Treatment
- size of host treese5
- Interactor
- all defoliatorse5pest
- Outcome
- Diversity of all defoliatorse5
- Direction
- increasede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in poplar forests”
e5“both the abundance and diversity of all defoliators were positively correlated with the average height of herbaceous plants. Diversity of all defoliators increased with increasing size of host trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Distance from the sampling site to the nearest village positively influenced abundance and diversity of all predators.
- Treatment
- distance from sampling site to the nearest villagee6
- Interactor
- all predatorse6biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- abundance and diversity of all predatorse6
- Direction
- positively influencede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in poplar forests”
e6“The distance from sampling site to the nearest village positively influenced the abundance and diversity of all predators”
Claim · model-written summary
Maintaining complex shape and structural connectivity of habitat patches is crucial for managing forest landscapes to enhance natural enemies in poplar stands.
- Outcome
- maintaining complex shape and structural connectivity of habitat patchese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“maintaining complex shape and structural connectivity of habitat patches and keeping poplar stands away from the village are crucial for management of forest landscape to enhance natural enemies. And in order to reduce the abundance of defoliators in poplar forest, the diversity of surrounding habitat types should be promoted within 200 m radii”
Claim · model-written summary
Keeping poplar stands away from the village is crucial for managing forest landscapes to enhance natural enemies.
- Outcome
- keeping poplar stands away from the villagee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“maintaining complex shape and structural connectivity of habitat patches and keeping poplar stands away from the village are crucial for management of forest landscape to enhance natural enemies. And in order to reduce the abundance of defoliators in poplar forest, the diversity of surrounding habitat types should be promoted within 200 m radii”
Claim · model-written summary
Diversity of surrounding habitat types should be promoted within 200 m radii to reduce defoliators in poplar forest.
Verbatim
e7“maintaining complex shape and structural connectivity of habitat patches and keeping poplar stands away from the village are crucial for management of forest landscape to enhance natural enemies. And in order to reduce the abundance of defoliators in poplar forest, the diversity of surrounding habitat types should be promoted within 200 m radii”