Abstract
Manual weeding, maize-cowpea intercropping, pre-emergence (PRE) and early post-emergence (EPOST) herbicide applications comprised ten weed control practices evaluated in the 2015-16 cropping season on weed species structure and maize (Zea mays L.) yield in the Middleveld and Highveld of Swaziland. The herbicides used were Harness (acetochlor) and Dual Gold (S-metolachlor) as pre-emergence applications and Micro-Tech (alachlor) and Callisto (mesotrione) as early post-emergence applications. PRE and EPOST herbicides were used as once-off or combined applications besides manual weeding or intercropping practices. Results indicated that the combination of PRE and EPOST herbicides reduced both species richness (number) and evenness (dominance) but weed species composition (types) were not distinguished amongst treatments. Manual weeding in combination with PRE herbicides or maize-cowpea intercropping resulted in significantly lower weed density and biomass as compared to singular or combinations of PRE or EPOST herbicides in both locations. The effects of weed control practices on grain yield of maize were not significantly distinguished among weed control practices between the two sites. The study reaffirmed that herbicides may need to be supplemented with other weed control strategies to obtain acceptable weed control. Key words: Herbicides, maize, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson’s dominance index, Steinhaus coefficient index, weeds.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
the combination of PRE and EPOST herbicides reduced both species richness (number) and evenness (dominance)
- Treatment
- combination of PRE and EPOST herbicidese0
- Interactor
- weedt0weed
- Outcome
- species richness (number) and evenness (dominance)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combination of PRE and EPOST herbicides reduced both species richness (number) and evenness (dominance)”
t0“weed communities and maize yield”
Claim · model-written summary
weed species composition (types) were not distinguished amongst treatments
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed species composition (types)e0
- Direction
- not distinguishede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“weed species composition (types) were not distinguished amongst treatments”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Manual weeding in combination with PRE herbicides or maize-cowpea intercropping resulted in significantly lower weed density and biomass as compared to singular or combinations of PRE or EPOST herbicides in both locations
- Treatment
- Manual weeding in combination with PRE herbicidese0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed density and biomasse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- singular or combinations of PRE or EPOST herbicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Manual weeding in combination with PRE herbicides or maize-cowpea intercropping resulted in significantly lower weed density and biomass as compared to singular or combinations of PRE or EPOST herbicides in both locations”
Claim · model-written summary
maize-cowpea intercropping resulted in significantly lower weed density and biomass as compared to singular or combinations of PRE or EPOST herbicides in both locations
- Treatment
- maize-cowpea intercroppinge0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed density and biomasse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- singular or combinations of PRE or EPOST herbicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize-cowpea intercropping resulted in significantly lower weed density and biomass as compared to singular or combinations of PRE or EPOST herbicides in both locations”
Claim · model-written summary
The effects of weed control practices on grain yield of maize were not significantly distinguished among weed control practices between the two sites
- Treatment
- weed control practicese0
- Outcome
- grain yield of maizee0
- Direction
- not significantly distinguishede0
- Comparator
- weed control practicese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effects of weed control practices on grain yield of maize were not significantly distinguished among weed control practices between the two sites”
Claim · model-written summary
herbicides may need to be supplemented with other weed control strategies to obtain acceptable weed control
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- herbicides may need to be supplemented with other weed control strategiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“herbicides may need to be supplemented with other weed control strategies to obtain acceptable weed control”
t0“maize”
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