Abstract
The mixture of herbicides is routinely used as part of modern weed management practices in intensive agriculture due to the reduction in herbicide application and the risk of side effects. Therefore, to detect the joint action of binary mixtures of the photosystem II, lipid biosynthesis and auxin inhibitor herbicides, additive dose model (ADM) was used as a reference model. Four species of Portulaca oleracea L., Solanum nigrum L., Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Chenopodium album L. were affected by desmedipham + phenmedipham + ethofumesate, chloridazon and clopyralid either single or in binary mixtures. Three binary mixtures of the three herbicides with seven doses of the herbicides were studied in four separate experiments. The values of ED50, ED80 and ED90 were calculated from the three- parameter log-logistic models dose–response curves for each herbicide applied alone or in mixtures of fixed ratios. Results showed that the mixtures efficacy of chloridazon and clopyralid were reduced more than predicted by ADM in all species. In contrast, at 80% and 90% response level, the mixtures of desmedipham + phenmedipham + ethofumesate and clopyralid were mainly synergistic on all species except P. oleracea. In addition, desmedipham + phenmedipham + ethofumesate and chloridazon binary mixtures followed ADM on S. nigrum and A. retroflexus and tended to be antagonistic on C. album and P. oleracea. Hence, there is a large potential for enhancing the specificity of herbicides by using mixtures of desmedipham + phenmedipham + ethofumesate and clopyralid (different site targets), delaying the development of herbicides resistance and diminishing the dose for weed control.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Chloridazon and clopyralid mixture efficacy was lower than ADM predicted for all four weed species.
- Taxon
- sugar beet
Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0 - Treatment
- chloridazon and clopyralide0
- Interactor
- Portulaca oleracea L.
Portulaca oleraceae1weed - Outcome
- mixtures efficacye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- predicted by ADMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the mixtures efficacy of chloridazon and clopyralid were reduced more than predicted by ADM in all species”
e1“Four species of Portulaca oleracea L., Solanum nigrum L., Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Chenopodium album L.”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
The desmedipham, phenmedipham, ethofumesate, and clopyralid mixture was mainly synergistic at 80% and 90% response on species other than P. oleracea.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- desmedipham + phenmedipham + ethofumesate and clopyralide0
- Outcome
- synergistice0
- Qualifier
- except P. oleraceae0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at 80% and 90% response level, the mixtures of desmedipham + phenmedipham + ethofumesate and clopyralid were mainly synergistic on all species except P. oleracea”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
The desmedipham, phenmedipham, ethofumesate, and chloridazon mixture followed ADM for S. nigrum.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- desmedipham + phenmedipham + ethofumesate and chloridazone0
- Interactor
- S. nigrum
_Solanum_nigrum_3.jpg?width=60)
Solanum nigrume0weed - Outcome
- followed ADMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Solanum_nigrum_3.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“desmedipham + phenmedipham + ethofumesate and chloridazon binary mixtures followed ADM on S. nigrum and A. retroflexus”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
The same mixture followed ADM for A. retroflexus.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- desmedipham + phenmedipham + ethofumesate and chloridazone0
- Interactor
- A. retroflexus
Amaranthus retroflexuse0weed - Outcome
- followed ADMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“desmedipham + phenmedipham + ethofumesate and chloridazon binary mixtures followed ADM on S. nigrum and A. retroflexus”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
The same mixture tended toward antagonism on C. album.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- desmedipham + phenmedipham + ethofumesate and chloridazone1
- Interactor
- C. album
Chenopodium albume0weed - Outcome
- antagonistice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tended to be antagonistic on C. album and P. oleracea”
e1“desmedipham + phenmedipham + ethofumesate and chloridazon binary mixtures followed ADM on S. nigrum and A. retroflexus”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
The same mixture tended toward antagonism on P. oleracea.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- desmedipham + phenmedipham + ethofumesate and chloridazone1
- Interactor
- P. oleraceaPortulaca oleraceae0weed
- Outcome
- antagonistice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tended to be antagonistic on C. album and P. oleracea”
e1“desmedipham + phenmedipham + ethofumesate and chloridazon binary mixtures followed ADM on S. nigrum and A. retroflexus”
t0“sugar beet”