Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum, which causes bacterial wilt in a broad range of plants, is considered a “species complex” due to its significant genetic diversity. Recently, we have isolated a new R. solanacearum strain HA4-1 from Hong’an county in Hubei province of China and identified it being phylotype I, sequevar 14M (phylotype I-14M). Interestingly, we found that it can cause various disease symptoms among different potato genotypes and display different pathogenic behavior compared to a phylogenetically related strain, GMI1000. To dissect the pathogenic mechanisms of HA4-1, we sequenced its whole genome by combined sequencing technologies including Illumina HiSeq2000, PacBio RS II, and BAC-end sequencing. Genome assembly results revealed the presence of a conventional chromosome, a megaplasmid as well as a 143 kb plasmid in HA4-1. Comparative genome analysis between HA4-1 and GMI1000 shows high conservation of the general virulence factors such as secretion systems, motility, exopolysaccharides, and key regulatory factors, but significant variation in the repertoire and structure of type III effectors, which could be the determinants of their differential pathogenesis in certain potato species or genotypes. We have identified two novel type III effectors that were probably acquired through horizontal gene transfer. These novel R. solanacearum effectors display homology to several YopJ and XopAC family members. We named them as RipBR and RipBS.Notably, the copy of RipBR on the plasmid is a pseudogene, while the other on the megaplasmid is normal. For RipBS, there are three copies located in the megaplasmid and plasmid respectively. Our results have not only enriched the genome information on R. solanacearum species complex by sequencing the first sequevar 14M strain and the largest plasmid reported in R. solanacearum to date but also revealed the variation in the repertoire of type III effectors. This will greatly contribute to the future studies on the pathogenic evolution, host adaptation, and interaction between R. solanacearum and potato.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
HA4-1 caused varying disease symptoms among potato genotypes.
- Taxon
- potato
Solanum tuberosume0 - Material
- different potato genotypese0
- Interactor
- R. solanacearum strain HA4-1
Ralstonia solanacearume1pathogen - Outcome
- various disease symptomse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it can cause various disease symptoms among different potato genotypes”
e1“R. solanacearum strain HA4-1”
Claim · model-written summary
HA4-1 had different pathogenic behavior from GMI1000.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume1
- Interactor
- R. solanacearum strain HA4-1Ralstonia solanacearume2pathogen
- Outcome
- different pathogenic behaviore0
- Comparator
- GMI1000e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“display different pathogenic behavior compared to a phylogenetically related strain, GMI1000”
e1“different potato genotypes”
e2“R. solanacearum strain HA4-1”
Claim · model-written summary
HA4-1 genome assembly comprised a chromosome, megaplasmid and 143 kb plasmid.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume1
- Interactor
- R. solanacearum strain HA4-1Ralstonia solanacearume2pathogen
- Outcome
- presence of a conventional chromosome, a megaplasmid as well as a 143 kb plasmide0
- Value
- 143 kbe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Genome assembly results revealed the presence of a conventional chromosome, a megaplasmid as well as a 143 kb plasmid in HA4-1.”
e1“potato genotypes”
e2“R. solanacearum strain HA4-1”
Claim · model-written summary
HA4-1 and GMI1000 conserved general virulence factors.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume1
- Interactor
- R. solanacearum strain HA4-1Ralstonia solanacearume2pathogen
- Outcome
- high conservation of the general virulence factorse0
- Comparator
- GMI1000e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Comparative genome analysis between HA4-1 and GMI1000 shows high conservation of the general virulence factors such as secretion systems, motility, exopolysaccharides, and key regulatory factors”
e1“potato genotypes”
e2“R. solanacearum strain HA4-1”
Claim · model-written summary
HA4-1 and GMI1000 differed substantially in type III effector repertoire and structure.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume2
- Interactor
- R. solanacearum strain HA4-1Ralstonia solanacearume3pathogen
- Outcome
- variation in the repertoire and structure of type III effectorse0
- Comparator
- GMI1000e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant variation in the repertoire and structure of type III effectors”
e1“between HA4-1 and GMI1000”
e2“potato genotypes”
e3“R. solanacearum strain HA4-1”
Claim · model-written summary
Two novel type III effectors, RipBR and RipBS, were identified and probably acquired by horizontal gene transfer.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume2
- Interactor
- R. solanacearum strain HA4-1Ralstonia solanacearume3pathogen
- Gene
- RipBR and RipBSe1
- Outcome
- two novel type III effectorse0
- Value
- twoe0
- Qualifier
- probably acquired through horizontal gene transfere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We have identified two novel type III effectors that were probably acquired through horizontal gene transfer.”
e1“We named them as RipBR and RipBS.”
e2“potato genotypes”
e3“R. solanacearum strain HA4-1”
Claim · model-written summary
The novel effectors were homologous to YopJ and XopAC family members.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume1
- Interactor
- R. solanacearumRalstonia solanacearume0pathogen
- Gene
- YopJ and XopACe0
- Outcome
- homology to several YopJ and XopAC family memberse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These novel R. solanacearum effectors display homology to several YopJ and XopAC family members.”
e1“potato genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
The plasmid RipBR copy was a pseudogene while the megaplasmid copy was normal.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume1
- Interactor
- R. solanacearumRalstonia solanacearume2pathogen
- Gene
- RipBRe0
- Outcome
- the copy of RipBR on the plasmid is a pseudogenee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the copy of RipBR on the plasmid is a pseudogene, while the other on the megaplasmid is normal”
e1“potato genotypes”
e2“R. solanacearum effectors”
Claim · model-written summary
RipBS had three copies on the megaplasmid and plasmid.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume1
- Interactor
- R. solanacearumRalstonia solanacearume2pathogen
- Gene
- RipBSe0
- Outcome
- copies located in the megaplasmid and plasmide0
- Value
- threee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For RipBS, there are three copies located in the megaplasmid and plasmid respectively.”
e1“potato genotypes”
e2“R. solanacearum effectors”