Abstract
The bio-efficiency of imazethapyr and its combination with imazamox or pendimethalin in comparison to hand weeding against weeds, their effect on growth, yield and phytotoxicity on black gram and residual effect on succeeding mustard crop were studied during 2014–15 and 2015–16. Hand weeding twice resulted in the highest overall weed control efficiency followed by pre-emergence application of imazethapyr + imazamox 80 g/ha, preemergence imazethapyr + imazamox 70 g/ha and pre-emergence imazethapyr + pendimethalin 1000 g/ha. Hand weeding twice and pre-emergence imazethapyr + pendimethalin 1000 g/ha were comparable to pre-emergence imazethapyr + imazamox 70 g/ha for seed yield. With every increase of one weed per square metre, the blackgram seed yield was reduced by 2.1 kg/ha. Similarly with every g/m2 increase in weed weight, the blackgram yield was subjected to fall by 5.1 kg/ha. The economic threshold levels i.e. No/m2 and g/m2 with the weed management practices studied varied between 8.3 - 42.0/m2 and 3.5–17.6 g/m2. Weed persistence index (WPI) was lowest and crop resistance index (CRI) was highest in the hand weeding twice treatment. Post-emergence application of imazethapyr 70 and 80 g/ha and imazethapyr + imazamox 70 and 80 g/ha caused mild toxicity during 2014 and had therefore lower crop resistance index. Efficiency index was the highest under hand weeding followed by preemergence application of imazethapyr + imazamox 80 g/ha, pre-emergence imazethapyr + pendimethalin 1000 g/ha and pre-emergence imazethapyr 80 g/ha. Weed index indicated 55.4% reduction in yield of blackgram due to weeds. Preemergence imazethapyr 80 g/ha, imazethapyr + imazamox 80 g/ha, imazethapyr 70 g/ha and imazethapyr + pendimethalin 1000 g/ha had higher overall impact index than hand weeding due to lower cost. Residual effect/phytotoxicity was not observed on succeeding crop of mustard during 2014 and 2015 as well.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Twice hand weeding gave the highest weed control efficiency.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Hand weeding twice resulted in the highest overall weed control efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-emergence imazethapyr plus imazamox at 80 g/ha ranked next for weed control efficiency.
- Treatment
- pre-emergence application of imazethapyr + imazamox 80 g/hae0
- Outcome
- weed control efficiencye0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Hand weeding twice resulted in the highest overall weed control efficiency followed by pre-emergence application of imazethapyr + imazamox 80 g/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-emergence imazethapyr plus imazamox at 70 g/ha followed the 80 g/ha rate for weed control efficiency.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Hand weeding twice resulted in the highest overall weed control efficiency followed by pre-emergence application of imazethapyr + imazamox 80 g/ha, preemergence imazethapyr + imazamox 70 g/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-emergence imazethapyr plus pendimethalin at 1000 g/ha followed for weed control efficiency.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Hand weeding twice resulted in the highest overall weed control efficiency followed by pre-emergence application of imazethapyr + imazamox 80 g/ha, preemergence imazethapyr + imazamox 70 g/ha and pre-emergence imazethapyr + pendimethalin 1000 g/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Twice hand weeding gave seed yield comparable to pre-emergence imazethapyr plus imazamox at 70 g/ha.
- Treatment
- Hand weeding twicee0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Comparator
- pre-emergence imazethapyr + imazamox 70 g/hae0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Hand weeding twice and pre-emergence imazethapyr + pendimethalin 1000 g/ha were comparable to pre-emergence imazethapyr + imazamox 70 g/ha for seed yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-emergence imazethapyr plus pendimethalin at 1000 g/ha gave comparable seed yield to imazethapyr plus imazamox at 70 g/ha.
- Treatment
- pre-emergence imazethapyr + pendimethalin 1000 g/hae0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Comparator
- pre-emergence imazethapyr + imazamox 70 g/hae0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“pre-emergence imazethapyr + pendimethalin 1000 g/ha were comparable to pre-emergence imazethapyr + imazamox 70 g/ha for seed yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Each additional weed per square metre was associated with 2.1 kg/ha less blackgram seed yield.
- Taxon
- blackgram
Vigna mungoe0 - Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 2.1 kg/hae0
- Qualifier
- one weed per square metree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With every increase of one weed per square metre, the blackgram seed yield was reduced by 2.1 kg/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Each g/m2 increase in weed weight was associated with 5.1 kg/ha less blackgram yield.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungoe0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- falle0
- Value
- 5.1 kg/hae0
- Qualifier
- g/m2 increase in weed weighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with every g/m2 increase in weed weight, the blackgram yield was subjected to fall by 5.1 kg/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed number economic thresholds ranged from 8.3 to 42.0/m2.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“economic threshold levels i.e. No/m2 and g/m2 with the weed management practices studied varied between 8.3 - 42.0/m2 and 3.5–17.6 g/m2”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed weight economic thresholds ranged from 3.5 to 17.6 g/m2.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“economic threshold levels i.e. No/m2 and g/m2 with the weed management practices studied varied between 8.3 - 42.0/m2 and 3.5–17.6 g/m2”
Claim · model-written summary
Twice hand weeding gave the lowest weed persistence index.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Weed persistence index (WPI) was lowest and crop resistance index (CRI) was highest in the hand weeding twice treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Twice hand weeding gave the highest crop resistance index.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“crop resistance index (CRI) was highest in the hand weeding twice treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-emergence imazethapyr at 70 and 80 g/ha caused mild crop toxicity in 2014.
Not reportedTaxonComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Post-emergence application of imazethapyr 70 and 80 g/ha and imazethapyr + imazamox 70 and 80 g/ha caused mild toxicity during 2014”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-emergence imazethapyr plus imazamox at 70 and 80 g/ha caused mild crop toxicity in 2014.
Not reportedTaxonComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“imazethapyr + imazamox 70 and 80 g/ha caused mild toxicity during 2014”
Claim · model-written summary
The post-emergence treatments had lower crop resistance index.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“had therefore lower crop resistance index”
Claim · model-written summary
Twice hand weeding gave the highest efficiency index.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Efficiency index was the highest under hand weeding”
Claim · model-written summary
Weeds reduced blackgram yield by 55.4%.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungoe0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 55.4%e0
- Qualifier
- due to weedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weed index indicated 55.4% reduction in yield of blackgram due to weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Several pre-emergence herbicides had higher overall impact index than hand weeding because of lower cost.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Preemergence imazethapyr 80 g/ha, imazethapyr + imazamox 80 g/ha, imazethapyr 70 g/ha and imazethapyr + pendimethalin 1000 g/ha had higher overall impact index than hand weeding due to lower cost”
Claim · model-written summary
No residual phytotoxicity appeared in succeeding mustard crops in 2014 or 2015.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Residual effect/phytotoxicity was not observed on succeeding crop of mustard during 2014 and 2015 as well”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.