Abstract
The symbiotic interaction between soybean and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia can lead to plant growth promotion and induced systemic responses. Symbiotic interactions may increase tolerance/resistance to abiotic/biotic stress conditions, but are also sensitive to environmental conditions. Soybean mosaic virus (SMV), which is transmitted by seed and aphids, severely affects crop yields in many areas of the world, consequently virus infection may precede rhizobium infection or vice versa in the field. With the hypothesis that sequence of interaction is a key determinant of the resulting responses; growth, primary metabolism and defence responses were evaluated in different interaction sequences. Results showed that vegetative growth was promoted by Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Bj) inoculation and drastically impaired by SMV infection. The negative effect of SMV single infection on soybean growth parameters was correlated with photosynthesis decrease, sugar accumulation, oxidative damage, and increases in salicylic acid levels. Bj inoculation partially reversed virus-induced symptoms, mainly at Bj-SMV sequence. However, this symptom attenuation did not correlate with less virus accumulation. Nodulation was negatively affected by SMV, particularly when virus infection was previous to Bj inoculation (SMV-Bj). Defence related hormones (salicylic acid (SA)/jasmonic acid (JA)) and the expression of defence-related genes were dependent on the sequence of tripartite interaction. The present study showed that the sequence of the tripartite interaction among soybean, Bj and SMV determinates the tolerance/susceptibility to SMV infection, through changes in the defence mechanism and metabolic alteration.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Bj inoculation promoted soybean vegetative growth.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Bj) inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium japonicum
Bradyrhizobium japonicume0symbiont - Outcome
- vegetative growthe0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“Results showed that vegetative growth was promoted by Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Bj) inoculation and drastically impaired by SMV infection.”
Claim · model-written summary
SMV infection drastically impaired soybean vegetative growth.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- SMV infectione0
- Interactor
- Soybean mosaic virus
Soybean mosaic viruse1pathogen - Outcome
- vegetative growthe0
- Direction
- drastically impairede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“Results showed that vegetative growth was promoted by Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Bj) inoculation and drastically impaired by SMV infection.”
e1“Soybean mosaic virus (SMV)”
Claim · model-written summary
SMV-related soybean growth impairment correlated with photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Interactor
- Soybean mosaic virusSoybean mosaic viruse1pathogen
- Outcome
- photosynthesise0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- SMV single infectione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“The negative effect of SMV single infection on soybean growth parameters was correlated with photosynthesis decrease, sugar accumulation, oxidative damage, and increases in salicylic acid levels.”
e1“Soybean mosaic virus (SMV)”
Claim · model-written summary
SMV-related soybean growth impairment correlated with sugar accumulation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Interactor
- Soybean mosaic virusSoybean mosaic viruse1pathogen
- Outcome
- sugar accumulatione0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
- Qualifier
- SMV single infectione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“The negative effect of SMV single infection on soybean growth parameters was correlated with photosynthesis decrease, sugar accumulation, oxidative damage, and increases in salicylic acid levels.”
e1“Soybean mosaic virus (SMV)”
Claim · model-written summary
SMV-related soybean growth impairment correlated with oxidative damage.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Interactor
- Soybean mosaic virusSoybean mosaic viruse1pathogen
- Outcome
- oxidative damagee0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Qualifier
- SMV single infectione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“The negative effect of SMV single infection on soybean growth parameters was correlated with photosynthesis decrease, sugar accumulation, oxidative damage, and increases in salicylic acid levels.”
e1“Soybean mosaic virus (SMV)”
Claim · model-written summary
SMV-related soybean growth impairment correlated with salicylic acid levels.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Interactor
- Soybean mosaic virusSoybean mosaic viruse1pathogen
- Outcome
- salicylic acid levelse0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Qualifier
- SMV single infectione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“The negative effect of SMV single infection on soybean growth parameters was correlated with photosynthesis decrease, sugar accumulation, oxidative damage, and increases in salicylic acid levels.”
e1“Soybean mosaic virus (SMV)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bj inoculation partly reversed SMV symptoms, mainly when Bj preceded SMV.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Bj inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Soybean mosaic virusSoybean mosaic viruse2pathogen
- Second interactor
- Bradyrhizobium japonicumBradyrhizobium japonicume1symbiont
- Outcome
- virus-induced symptomse0
- Direction
- partially reversede0
- Qualifier
- mainly at Bj-SMV sequencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“Bj inoculation partially reversed virus-induced symptoms, mainly at Bj-SMV sequence.”
e1“Results showed that vegetative growth was promoted by Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Bj) inoculation and drastically impaired by SMV infection.”
e2“Soybean mosaic virus (SMV)”
Claim · model-written summary
Symptom attenuation was not associated with less virus accumulation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Interactor
- Soybean mosaic virusSoybean mosaic viruse1pathogen
- Outcome
- virus accumulatione0
- Direction
- did not correlatee0
- Comparator
- symptom attenuatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“However, this symptom attenuation did not correlate with less virus accumulation.”
e1“Soybean mosaic virus (SMV)”
Claim · model-written summary
SMV impaired nodulation most when infection preceded Bj inoculation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- SMVe0
- Interactor
- Soybean mosaic virusSoybean mosaic viruse1pathogen
- Second interactor
- Bradyrhizobium japonicumBradyrhizobium japonicume2symbiont
- Outcome
- Nodulatione0
- Direction
- negatively affectede0
- Qualifier
- particularly when virus infection was previous to Bj inoculation (SMV-Bj)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“Nodulation was negatively affected by SMV, particularly when virus infection was previous to Bj inoculation (SMV-Bj).”
e1“Soybean mosaic virus (SMV)”
e2“Results showed that vegetative growth was promoted by Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Bj) inoculation and drastically impaired by SMV infection.”
Claim · model-written summary
Defence related hormones depended on tripartite interaction sequence.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Interactor
- Soybean mosaic virusSoybean mosaic viruse2pathogen
- Second interactor
- Bradyrhizobium japonicumBradyrhizobium japonicume1symbiont
- Outcome
- Defence related hormonese0
- Qualifier
- sequence of tripartite interactione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“Defence related hormones (salicylic acid (SA)/jasmonic acid (JA)) and the expression of defence-related genes were dependent on the sequence of tripartite interaction.”
e1“Results showed that vegetative growth was promoted by Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Bj) inoculation and drastically impaired by SMV infection.”
e2“Soybean mosaic virus (SMV)”
Claim · model-written summary
expression of defence-related genes depended on tripartite interaction sequence.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Interactor
- Soybean mosaic virusSoybean mosaic viruse2pathogen
- Second interactor
- Bradyrhizobium japonicumBradyrhizobium japonicume1symbiont
- Outcome
- expression of defence-related genese0
- Qualifier
- sequence of tripartite interactione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“Defence related hormones (salicylic acid (SA)/jasmonic acid (JA)) and the expression of defence-related genes were dependent on the sequence of tripartite interaction.”
e1“Results showed that vegetative growth was promoted by Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Bj) inoculation and drastically impaired by SMV infection.”
e2“Soybean mosaic virus (SMV)”
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2 papers in the same direction as this paper
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.