Abstract
Parthenium weed is an invasive alien species in numerous countries around the world, including Australia. It has become a major weed species in tropical and sub-tropical cropping systems, in which it causes significant crop yield losses. However, information about economic thresholds of parthenium weed in different crops is currently lacking which is imperative for sustainable management of this species. The present study was conducted to determine the effects of different densities of parthenium weed (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 plants m−2) on growth and yield of maize in Ethiopia. A strong linear relationship was observed between density and biomass of parthenium weed. Parthenium weed biomass also had strong negative correlations with yield and yield related traits of maize. Density of parthenium weed had a significant negative effect on growth and yield of maize. The highest density of parthenium weed (20 plants m−2) caused the highest reductions in maize leaf area index (15%), ears per plant (21%), thousand grain weight (12%), biological yield (15%) and grain yield (18%) as compared with the plots free from parthenium weed. However, parthenium weed densities of 5–15 plants m−2 only caused 8–10% losses in the grain yield of maize. Therefore, it is suggested to reduce the density of this weed species to below 15 plants m−2 to avoid substantial yield losses.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
At 20 plants m−2, parthenium weed reduced maize leaf area index by 15%.
- Treatment
- highest density of parthenium weed (20 plants m−2)e1
- Interactor
- parthenium weede1weed
- Outcome
- leaf area indexe1
- Direction
- reductionse1
- Value
- 15%e1
- Comparator
- plots free from parthenium weede1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The highest density of parthenium weed (20 plants m−2) caused the highest reductions in maize leaf area index (15%), ears per plant (21%), thousand grain weight (12%), biological yield (15%) and grain yield (18%) as compared with the plots free from parthenium weed”
Claim · model-written summary
At 20 plants m−2, parthenium weed reduced ears per plant of maize by 21%.
- Treatment
- highest density of parthenium weed (20 plants m−2)e1
- Interactor
- parthenium weede1weed
- Outcome
- ears per plante1
- Direction
- reductionse1
- Value
- 21%e1
- Comparator
- plots free from parthenium weede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The highest density of parthenium weed (20 plants m−2) caused the highest reductions in maize leaf area index (15%), ears per plant (21%), thousand grain weight (12%), biological yield (15%) and grain yield (18%) as compared with the plots free from parthenium weed”
Claim · model-written summary
At 20 plants m−2, parthenium weed reduced thousand grain weight of maize by 12%.
- Treatment
- highest density of parthenium weed (20 plants m−2)e1
- Interactor
- parthenium weede1weed
- Outcome
- thousand grain weighte1
- Direction
- reductionse1
- Value
- 12%e1
- Comparator
- plots free from parthenium weede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The highest density of parthenium weed (20 plants m−2) caused the highest reductions in maize leaf area index (15%), ears per plant (21%), thousand grain weight (12%), biological yield (15%) and grain yield (18%) as compared with the plots free from parthenium weed”
Claim · model-written summary
At 20 plants m−2, parthenium weed reduced maize biological yield by 15%.
- Treatment
- highest density of parthenium weed (20 plants m−2)e1
- Interactor
- parthenium weede1weed
- Outcome
- biological yielde1
- Direction
- reductionse1
- Value
- 15%e1
- Comparator
- plots free from parthenium weede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The highest density of parthenium weed (20 plants m−2) caused the highest reductions in maize leaf area index (15%), ears per plant (21%), thousand grain weight (12%), biological yield (15%) and grain yield (18%) as compared with the plots free from parthenium weed”
Claim · model-written summary
At 20 plants m−2, parthenium weed reduced maize grain yield by 18%.
- Treatment
- highest density of parthenium weed (20 plants m−2)e1
- Interactor
- parthenium weede1weed
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- reductionse1
- Value
- 18%e1
- Comparator
- plots free from parthenium weede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The highest density of parthenium weed (20 plants m−2) caused the highest reductions in maize leaf area index (15%), ears per plant (21%), thousand grain weight (12%), biological yield (15%) and grain yield (18%) as compared with the plots free from parthenium weed”
Claim · model-written summary
Parthenium weed densities of 5-15 plants m−2 caused 8-10% grain yield losses in maize.
- Treatment
- parthenium weed densities of 5–15 plants m−2e1
- Interactor
- parthenium weede1weed
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede1
- Value
- 8–10%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“parthenium weed densities of 5–15 plants m−2 only caused 8–10% losses in the grain yield of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Parthenium weed biomass increased linearly with weed density.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A strong linear relationship was observed between density and biomass of parthenium weed”
e2“yield of maize in Ethiopia”
Claim · model-written summary
Parthenium weed biomass had strong negative correlations with maize yield and yield-related traits.
- Interactor
- Parthenium weede1weed
- Outcome
- yield and yield related traitse1
- Direction
- negative correlationse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Parthenium weed biomass also had strong negative correlations with yield and yield related traits of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Parthenium weed density had a significant negative effect on maize growth and yield.
- Treatment
- Density of parthenium weede1
- Interactor
- parthenium weede1weed
- Outcome
- growth and yielde1
- Direction
- negativee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Density of parthenium weed had a significant negative effect on growth and yield of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Parthenium weed density should be reduced below 15 plants m−2 to avoid substantial maize yield losses.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“it is suggested to reduce the density of this weed species to below 15 plants m−2 to avoid substantial yield losses”
e2“yield of maize in Ethiopia”