Abstract
ABSTRACT: Allelopathy has become a paramount tool for controlling weeds in crop plants without deteriorating the environment. Allelopathic effects of sorghum aqueous extracts and sorghum powder on a single cross maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid “HC-8080” and a summer weed, jungle rice (Echinochloa colona L.) were assessed in the research laboratory of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan. The treatments included: T1: control (untreated check), T2: sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 5 mL kg-1 soil, T3: sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 10 mL kg-1 soil, T4: sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soil, T5: sorghum powder at a rate of 5 g kg-1 soil, T6: sorghum powder at a rate of 10 g kg-1 soil and T7: sorghum powder at a rate of 15 g kg-1 soil. The results unveiled that sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soil was the most deleterious treatment which reduced the germination percentage (GP) in maize and E. colona by 23.57% and 47.03%, germination index (GI) by 22.30% and 42.14%, root length by 32.25% and 62.54% and shoot length by 23.22% and 62.76%, respectively over control. Similarly, 15 g kg-1 soil sorghum powder reduced the same parameters respectively by 18.85% and 41.09%, 15% and 33.53%, 9.3% and 54.69% and 15.88% and 45.34% in maize and E. colona, respectively and stood better than other powder treatments. Therefore it is concluded that sorghum extracts and powder can both be used to control weeds efficiently but their deleterious effect on the corresponding crop should also be an important consideration.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soil reduced germination percentage (GP) in maize by 23.57%.
- Treatment
- sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soile1
- Outcome
- germination percentage (GP)e1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 23.57%e1
- Comparator
- controle1
Zea mays
SorghumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soil was the most deleterious treatment which reduced the germination percentage (GP) in maize and E. colona by 23.57% and 47.03%, germination index (GI) by 22.30% and 42.14%, root length by 32.25% and 62.54% and shoot length by 23.22% and 62.76%, respectively over control”
Claim · model-written summary
sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soil reduced germination index (GI) in maize by 22.30%.
- Treatment
- sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soile1
- Outcome
- germination index (GI)e1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 22.30%e1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soil was the most deleterious treatment which reduced the germination percentage (GP) in maize and E. colona by 23.57% and 47.03%, germination index (GI) by 22.30% and 42.14%, root length by 32.25% and 62.54% and shoot length by 23.22% and 62.76%, respectively over control”
Claim · model-written summary
sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soil reduced root length in maize by 32.25%.
- Treatment
- sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soile1
- Outcome
- root lengthe1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 32.25%e1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soil was the most deleterious treatment which reduced the germination percentage (GP) in maize and E. colona by 23.57% and 47.03%, germination index (GI) by 22.30% and 42.14%, root length by 32.25% and 62.54% and shoot length by 23.22% and 62.76%, respectively over control”
Claim · model-written summary
sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soil reduced shoot length in maize by 23.22%.
- Treatment
- sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soile1
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 23.22%e1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soil was the most deleterious treatment which reduced the germination percentage (GP) in maize and E. colona by 23.57% and 47.03%, germination index (GI) by 22.30% and 42.14%, root length by 32.25% and 62.54% and shoot length by 23.22% and 62.76%, respectively over control”
Claim · model-written summary
sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soil reduced germination percentage (GP) in E. colona by 47.03%.
- Taxon
- E. colona
Echinochloa colonae1 - Treatment
- sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soile1
- Outcome
- germination percentage (GP)e1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 47.03%e1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soil was the most deleterious treatment which reduced the germination percentage (GP) in maize and E. colona by 23.57% and 47.03%, germination index (GI) by 22.30% and 42.14%, root length by 32.25% and 62.54% and shoot length by 23.22% and 62.76%, respectively over control”
Claim · model-written summary
sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soil reduced germination index (GI) in E. colona by 42.14%.
- Taxon
- E. colonaEchinochloa colonae1
- Treatment
- sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soile1
- Outcome
- germination index (GI)e1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 42.14%e1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soil was the most deleterious treatment which reduced the germination percentage (GP) in maize and E. colona by 23.57% and 47.03%, germination index (GI) by 22.30% and 42.14%, root length by 32.25% and 62.54% and shoot length by 23.22% and 62.76%, respectively over control”
Claim · model-written summary
sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soil reduced root length in E. colona by 62.54%.
- Taxon
- E. colonaEchinochloa colonae1
- Treatment
- sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soile1
- Outcome
- root lengthe1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 62.54%e1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soil was the most deleterious treatment which reduced the germination percentage (GP) in maize and E. colona by 23.57% and 47.03%, germination index (GI) by 22.30% and 42.14%, root length by 32.25% and 62.54% and shoot length by 23.22% and 62.76%, respectively over control”
Claim · model-written summary
sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soil reduced shoot length in E. colona by 62.76%.
- Taxon
- E. colonaEchinochloa colonae1
- Treatment
- sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soile1
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 62.76%e1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soil was the most deleterious treatment which reduced the germination percentage (GP) in maize and E. colona by 23.57% and 47.03%, germination index (GI) by 22.30% and 42.14%, root length by 32.25% and 62.54% and shoot length by 23.22% and 62.76%, respectively over control”
Claim · model-written summary
15 g kg-1 soil sorghum powder reduced germination percentage (GP) in maize by 18.85%.
- Treatment
- 15 g kg-1 soil sorghum powdere2
- Outcome
- germination percentage (GP)e1
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 18.85%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soil was the most deleterious treatment which reduced the germination percentage (GP) in maize and E. colona by 23.57% and 47.03%, germination index (GI) by 22.30% and 42.14%, root length by 32.25% and 62.54% and shoot length by 23.22% and 62.76%, respectively over control”
e2“Similarly, 15 g kg-1 soil sorghum powder reduced the same parameters respectively by 18.85% and 41.09%, 15% and 33.53%, 9.3% and 54.69% and 15.88% and 45.34% in maize and E. colona, respectively and stood better than other powder treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
15 g kg-1 soil sorghum powder reduced germination index (GI) in maize by 15%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soil was the most deleterious treatment which reduced the germination percentage (GP) in maize and E. colona by 23.57% and 47.03%, germination index (GI) by 22.30% and 42.14%, root length by 32.25% and 62.54% and shoot length by 23.22% and 62.76%, respectively over control”
e2“Similarly, 15 g kg-1 soil sorghum powder reduced the same parameters respectively by 18.85% and 41.09%, 15% and 33.53%, 9.3% and 54.69% and 15.88% and 45.34% in maize and E. colona, respectively and stood better than other powder treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
15 g kg-1 soil sorghum powder reduced root length in maize by 9.3%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soil was the most deleterious treatment which reduced the germination percentage (GP) in maize and E. colona by 23.57% and 47.03%, germination index (GI) by 22.30% and 42.14%, root length by 32.25% and 62.54% and shoot length by 23.22% and 62.76%, respectively over control”
e2“Similarly, 15 g kg-1 soil sorghum powder reduced the same parameters respectively by 18.85% and 41.09%, 15% and 33.53%, 9.3% and 54.69% and 15.88% and 45.34% in maize and E. colona, respectively and stood better than other powder treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
15 g kg-1 soil sorghum powder reduced shoot length in maize by 15.88%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soil was the most deleterious treatment which reduced the germination percentage (GP) in maize and E. colona by 23.57% and 47.03%, germination index (GI) by 22.30% and 42.14%, root length by 32.25% and 62.54% and shoot length by 23.22% and 62.76%, respectively over control”
e2“Similarly, 15 g kg-1 soil sorghum powder reduced the same parameters respectively by 18.85% and 41.09%, 15% and 33.53%, 9.3% and 54.69% and 15.88% and 45.34% in maize and E. colona, respectively and stood better than other powder treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
15 g kg-1 soil sorghum powder reduced germination percentage (GP) in E. colona by 41.09%.
- Taxon
- E. colonaEchinochloa colonae1
- Treatment
- 15 g kg-1 soil sorghum powdere2
- Outcome
- germination percentage (GP)e1
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 41.09%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soil was the most deleterious treatment which reduced the germination percentage (GP) in maize and E. colona by 23.57% and 47.03%, germination index (GI) by 22.30% and 42.14%, root length by 32.25% and 62.54% and shoot length by 23.22% and 62.76%, respectively over control”
e2“Similarly, 15 g kg-1 soil sorghum powder reduced the same parameters respectively by 18.85% and 41.09%, 15% and 33.53%, 9.3% and 54.69% and 15.88% and 45.34% in maize and E. colona, respectively and stood better than other powder treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
15 g kg-1 soil sorghum powder reduced germination index (GI) in E. colona by 33.53%.
- Taxon
- E. colonaEchinochloa colonae1
- Treatment
- 15 g kg-1 soil sorghum powdere2
- Outcome
- germination index (GI)e1
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 33.53%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soil was the most deleterious treatment which reduced the germination percentage (GP) in maize and E. colona by 23.57% and 47.03%, germination index (GI) by 22.30% and 42.14%, root length by 32.25% and 62.54% and shoot length by 23.22% and 62.76%, respectively over control”
e2“Similarly, 15 g kg-1 soil sorghum powder reduced the same parameters respectively by 18.85% and 41.09%, 15% and 33.53%, 9.3% and 54.69% and 15.88% and 45.34% in maize and E. colona, respectively and stood better than other powder treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
15 g kg-1 soil sorghum powder reduced root length in E. colona by 54.69%.
- Taxon
- E. colonaEchinochloa colonae1
- Treatment
- 15 g kg-1 soil sorghum powdere2
- Outcome
- root lengthe1
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 54.69%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soil was the most deleterious treatment which reduced the germination percentage (GP) in maize and E. colona by 23.57% and 47.03%, germination index (GI) by 22.30% and 42.14%, root length by 32.25% and 62.54% and shoot length by 23.22% and 62.76%, respectively over control”
e2“Similarly, 15 g kg-1 soil sorghum powder reduced the same parameters respectively by 18.85% and 41.09%, 15% and 33.53%, 9.3% and 54.69% and 15.88% and 45.34% in maize and E. colona, respectively and stood better than other powder treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
15 g kg-1 soil sorghum powder reduced shoot length in E. colona by 45.34%.
- Taxon
- E. colonaEchinochloa colonae1
- Treatment
- 15 g kg-1 soil sorghum powdere2
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe1
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 45.34%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soil was the most deleterious treatment which reduced the germination percentage (GP) in maize and E. colona by 23.57% and 47.03%, germination index (GI) by 22.30% and 42.14%, root length by 32.25% and 62.54% and shoot length by 23.22% and 62.76%, respectively over control”
e2“Similarly, 15 g kg-1 soil sorghum powder reduced the same parameters respectively by 18.85% and 41.09%, 15% and 33.53%, 9.3% and 54.69% and 15.88% and 45.34% in maize and E. colona, respectively and stood better than other powder treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
The sorghum aqueous extract at 15 mL kg-1 soil was the most deleterious treatment.
- Treatment
- sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soile1
- Outcome
- most deleterious treatmente1
- Direction
- most deleteriouse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soil was the most deleterious treatment which reduced the germination percentage (GP) in maize and E. colona by 23.57% and 47.03%, germination index (GI) by 22.30% and 42.14%, root length by 32.25% and 62.54% and shoot length by 23.22% and 62.76%, respectively over control”
Claim · model-written summary
The 15 g kg-1 soil sorghum powder stood better than other powder treatments.
- Treatment
- 15 g kg-1 soil sorghum powdere2
- Outcome
- stood better than other powder treatmentse2
- Direction
- stood bettere2
- Comparator
- other powder treatmentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Similarly, 15 g kg-1 soil sorghum powder reduced the same parameters respectively by 18.85% and 41.09%, 15% and 33.53%, 9.3% and 54.69% and 15.88% and 45.34% in maize and E. colona, respectively and stood better than other powder treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Sorghum extracts and powder can be used to control weeds efficiently, but their deleterious effect on the corresponding crop should be considered.
- Outcome
- control weedse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“sorghum extracts and powder can both be used to control weeds efficiently but their deleterious effect on the corresponding crop should also be an important consideration”
The same questions in other papers
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- no effect
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See all 340 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.