Abstract
The rice–wheat cropping system in the Indo-Gangetic Plains is the backbone of food security in India. In the 1990s, due to the scarcity of resources, the traditional Crop Establishment (CE) method shifted from Conventional Till Puddle Transplanted Rice (CTPTR) to CT Direct Seeded Rice (CTDSR) and Zero-Till DSR (ZTDSR) in paddy; and in wheat, from Conventional Till Wheat (CTW) to Zero Till Wheat (ZTW), with residue retention in rice (RRR) or in both rice and wheat (RRRW). Shift in CE methods led to change in Weed Seed Bank (WSB) dynamics and ultimately affected the weed management program. After five years of field trials, soil samples were drawn as per 2-factors factorial randomized block design. Factor-I comprised 4-CE methods, whereas factor-II consisted of 3-soil depths (0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm). Results showed CTPTR-CTW and ZTDSR-ZTW (RRRW) record the highest seed bank (SB) of grasses, sedges and BLWs as total weeds, in general; and predominant weeds like Echinochloa spp., Ammania baccifera, Commelina benghalensis and Digitaria sanguinalis, in particular. It also showed the higher species richness (DMg) and Shannon–Weaver (H’) indices. CTDSR-CTW and CTDSR-ZTW (RRR) show the lowest WSB and at par with Shannon–Weaver (H’) index; further, lowest species richness (DMg) under CTDSR-CTW. Species Evenness (J’) and Simpson index (λ) vary non-significantly with CE methods. Furthermore, 0–10 cm soil depth showed the highest SB of different category of total weed, predominant weeds as well as higher values of DMg, H’, and λ; whereas reverse trend was observed in Whittaker Statistic (βW). Interaction between CE methods and soil depth revealed most of WSB lying on the top layer in case of ZTDSR-ZTW (RRRW) and CTDSR-ZTW (RRR); while CTPTR-CTW showed almost uniform WSB distribution, and in case of CTDSR-CTW, a gradual decrease in WSB with soil depth.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
CTPTR-CTW had among the highest seed banks of grass, sedge and broadleaf weeds.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- CTPTR-CTWe0
- Outcome
- seed bank (SB) of grasses, sedges and BLWs as total weedse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CTPTR-CTW and ZTDSR-ZTW (RRRW) record the highest seed bank (SB) of grasses, sedges and BLWs as total weeds”
t0“Rice-Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
ZTDSR-ZTW (RRRW) had among the highest seed banks of grass, sedge and broadleaf weeds.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ZTDSR-ZTW (RRRW)e0
- Outcome
- seed bank (SB) of grasses, sedges and BLWs as total weedse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CTPTR-CTW and ZTDSR-ZTW (RRRW) record the highest seed bank (SB) of grasses, sedges and BLWs as total weeds”
t0“Rice-Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
CTDSR-CTW had among the lowest weed seed banks.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CTDSR-CTWe0
- Outcome
- WSBe0
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CTDSR-CTW and CTDSR-ZTW (RRR) show the lowest WSB”
t0“Rice-Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
CTDSR-ZTW (RRR) had among the lowest weed seed banks.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CTDSR-ZTW (RRR)e0
- Outcome
- WSBe0
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CTDSR-CTW and CTDSR-ZTW (RRR) show the lowest WSB”
t0“Rice-Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Species richness was lowest under CTDSR-CTW.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CTDSR-CTWe0
- Outcome
- species richness (DMg)e0
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lowest species richness (DMg) under CTDSR-CTW”
t0“Rice-Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Species evenness and Simpson index varied nonsignificantly with establishment methods.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CE methodse0
- Outcome
- Species Evenness (J’) and Simpson index (λ)e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Species Evenness (J’) and Simpson index (λ) vary non-significantly with CE methods”
t0“Rice-Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The 0–10 cm soil layer had the highest weed seed bank.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- SB of different category of total weed, predominant weedse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- 0–10 cm soil depthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“0–10 cm soil depth showed the highest SB of different category of total weed, predominant weeds”
t0“Rice-Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed seed banks lay mainly in the top layer under ZTDSR-ZTW (RRRW) and CTDSR-ZTW (RRR).
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- WSB lying on the top layere0
- Setting
- top layere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“most of WSB lying on the top layer in case of ZTDSR-ZTW (RRRW) and CTDSR-ZTW (RRR)”
t0“Rice-Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
CTPTR-CTW had nearly uniform weed seed bank distribution across depths.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CTPTR-CTWe0
- Outcome
- uniform WSB distributione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CTPTR-CTW showed almost uniform WSB distribution”
t0“Rice-Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed seed bank gradually decreased with depth under CTDSR-CTW.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CTDSR-CTWe0
- Outcome
- WSBe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in case of CTDSR-CTW, a gradual decrease in WSB with soil depth”
t0“Rice-Wheat”