Abstract
New plant production systems with a low environmental impact (or a high resource utilization efficiency) are necessary for urban agriculture development. This study explores the benefits of closed plant production systems (CPPSs) with artificial lighting using a commercial CPPS at Osaka Prefecture University. Lettuce plants were produced continuously as a model for analyzing resource consumption rates, such as electricity, labor, water, and CO2, over two years. Monthly consumption rates of electricity, labor, water, and CO2 increased with the increase in the monthly production rate of the lettuce. The utilization efficiencies (=output/input) of electricity, energy, water, and CO2 were 1.0%, 1.0%, 4.0%, and 32.6%, respectively. If the commercial CPPS maintains the monthly production rate at a higher level, the energy utilization efficiency will increase. The number of air exchanges in a commercial CPPS should decrease to increase water and CO2 utilization efficiencies. Reusing water drained from the air conditioning system and employing a closed loop in the nutrient supply system also contribute to increasing the water utilization efficiency and lowering the environmental impact. Although a commercial CPPS still requires further improvements, it may be a good crop production system for urban agriculture provided resource utilization efficiencies improve.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Monthly electricity consumption increased with lettuce production rate.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativae0 - Outcome
- consumption rates of electricitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- monthly production ratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Monthly consumption rates of electricity, labor, water, and CO2 increased with the increase in the monthly production rate of the lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Monthly labor consumption increased with lettuce production rate.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Outcome
- labore0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- monthly production ratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Monthly consumption rates of electricity, labor, water, and CO2 increased with the increase in the monthly production rate of the lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Monthly water consumption increased with lettuce production rate.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Outcome
- watere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- monthly production ratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Monthly consumption rates of electricity, labor, water, and CO2 increased with the increase in the monthly production rate of the lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Monthly CO2 consumption increased with lettuce production rate.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Outcome
- CO2e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- monthly production ratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Monthly consumption rates of electricity, labor, water, and CO2 increased with the increase in the monthly production rate of the lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Electricity utilization efficiency was 1.0%.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- utilization efficiencies (=output/input) of electricitye0
- Value
- 1.0%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce”
e0“The utilization efficiencies (=output/input) of electricity, energy, water, and CO2 were 1.0%, 1.0%, 4.0%, and 32.6%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Energy utilization efficiency was 1.0%.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- energye0
- Value
- 1.0%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce”
e0“The utilization efficiencies (=output/input) of electricity, energy, water, and CO2 were 1.0%, 1.0%, 4.0%, and 32.6%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Water utilization efficiency was 4.0%.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- watere0
- Value
- 4.0%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce”
e0“The utilization efficiencies (=output/input) of electricity, energy, water, and CO2 were 1.0%, 1.0%, 4.0%, and 32.6%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
CO2 utilization efficiency was 32.6%.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- CO2e0
- Value
- 32.6%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce”
e0“The utilization efficiencies (=output/input) of electricity, energy, water, and CO2 were 1.0%, 1.0%, 4.0%, and 32.6%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors project higher energy efficiency if the commercial CPPS maintains a higher production rate.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- energy utilization efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Setting
- commercial CPPSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“If the commercial CPPS maintains the monthly production rate at a higher level, the energy utilization efficiency will increase”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend fewer air exchanges to raise water and CO2 utilization efficiencies.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- number of air exchanges in a commercial CPPS should decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of air exchanges in a commercial CPPS should decrease to increase water and CO2 utilization efficiencies”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Reusing air-conditioner drainage was proposed to increase water efficiency and reduce environmental impact.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- Reusing water drained from the air conditioning systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reusing water drained from the air conditioning system and employing a closed loop in the nutrient supply system also contribute to increasing the water utilization efficiency and lowering the environmental impact”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Using a closed nutrient-supply loop was proposed to improve water efficiency and environmental impact.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- employing a closed loop in the nutrient supply systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reusing water drained from the air conditioning system and employing a closed loop in the nutrient supply system also contribute to increasing the water utilization efficiency and lowering the environmental impact”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors consider an improved commercial CPPS a possible urban crop production system.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- good crop production system for urban agriculturee0
- Qualifier
- provided resource utilization efficiencies improvee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it may be a good crop production system for urban agriculture provided resource utilization efficiencies improve”
t0“Lettuce”