Abstract
Field experiments were conducted at ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to evaluate the effect of six combinations of tillage and crop establishment techniques, i.e. conventional tillage-flat bed (CT-F), CT-raised bed (CT-B), zero tillage-flat bed with crop residue (ZT-F+R) and without crop residue (ZT-F), ZT-raised bed with crop residue (ZT-B+R) and without crop residue (ZT-B) in conjunction with four N levels (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N/ha) on energy relations and nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) in kharif maize (Zea mays L.) grown in sequence with wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol). Significant (p ≤ 0.05) effect of conservation agriculture (CA) on the energy indicators and NUE was observed during second year of the study. ZT practices saved on an average 22% input energy requirements over CT practices. The maximum input energy requirement was recorded under crop residue applied treatments followed by CT and least under ZT practices. ZT-B+R resulted the maximum gross output energy (153.7 × 103 MJ/ha) which was significantly higher (5-13%) over rest of the treatments, except CT-B. However, the maximum energy-use efficiency (EUE) was recorded under ZT-B (24.42). Different indicators of NUE was not influenced significantly, except physiological efficiency index of N (PEIN) due to different tillage and crop establishment techniques. However, in general, ZT-B+R resulted the maximum values of most of the indicators of NUE. The energy and NUE parameters were differed significantly due to N levels. The input and output energy increased significantly with each successive increase in levels of N from 0 to 120 kg N/ha, while reverse trends were observed with EUE and NUE, which were decreased significantly from 0 to 180 kg N/ha. Considering all the parameters, the study recommends that permanent raised bed system is an energy efficient and could be adopted with surface retention of crop residues to improve the NUE of applied fertilizer-N in maize.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Zero tillage practices saved on average 22% of input energy requirements compared with conventional tillage practices.
- Treatment
- ZT practicese1
- Outcome
- input energy requirementse1
- Direction
- savede1
- Value
- 22%e1
- Comparator
- CT practicese1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Energetics and nitrogen-use efficiency of kharif maize”
e1“ZT practices saved on an average 22% input energy requirements over CT practices”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop residue applied treatments had the maximum input energy requirement.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Energetics and nitrogen-use efficiency of kharif maize”
e2“The maximum input energy requirement was recorded under crop residue applied treatments followed by CT and least under ZT practices”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero tillage practices had the least input energy requirement.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Energetics and nitrogen-use efficiency of kharif maize”
e2“The maximum input energy requirement was recorded under crop residue applied treatments followed by CT and least under ZT practices”
Claim · model-written summary
ZT-B+R gave the maximum gross output energy, at 153.7 × 10^3 MJ/ha.
- Treatment
- ZT-B+Re3
- Outcome
- gross output energye3
- Direction
- maximume3
- Value
- 153.7 × 103 MJ/hae3
- Comparator
- rest of the treatmentse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Energetics and nitrogen-use efficiency of kharif maize”
e3“ZT-B+R resulted the maximum gross output energy (153.7 × 103 MJ/ha) which was significantly higher (5-13%) over rest of the treatments, except CT-B”
Claim · model-written summary
ZT-B+R gave significantly higher gross output energy by 5-13% than the rest of the treatments, except CT-B.
- Treatment
- ZT-B+Re3
- Outcome
- gross output energye3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 5-13%e3
- Qualifier
- except CT-Be3
- Comparator
- rest of the treatmentse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Energetics and nitrogen-use efficiency of kharif maize”
e3“ZT-B+R resulted the maximum gross output energy (153.7 × 103 MJ/ha) which was significantly higher (5-13%) over rest of the treatments, except CT-B”
Claim · model-written summary
ZT-B gave the maximum energy-use efficiency, at 24.42.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Energetics and nitrogen-use efficiency of kharif maize”
e4“the maximum energy-use efficiency (EUE) was recorded under ZT-B (24.42)”
Claim · model-written summary
Indicators of NUE were not significantly influenced by tillage and crop establishment techniques.
- Treatment
- different tillage and crop establishment techniquese5
- Outcome
- indicators of NUEe5
- Direction
- not influenced significantlye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Energetics and nitrogen-use efficiency of kharif maize”
e5“Different indicators of NUE was not influenced significantly, except physiological efficiency index of N (PEIN) due to different tillage and crop establishment techniques”
Claim · model-written summary
The physiological efficiency index of N (PEIN) was significantly influenced by tillage and crop establishment techniques.
- Treatment
- different tillage and crop establishment techniquese5
- Outcome
- physiological efficiency index of N (PEIN)e5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Energetics and nitrogen-use efficiency of kharif maize”
e5“Different indicators of NUE was not influenced significantly, except physiological efficiency index of N (PEIN) due to different tillage and crop establishment techniques”
Claim · model-written summary
ZT-B+R gave the maximum values of most NUE indicators.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Energetics and nitrogen-use efficiency of kharif maize”
e6“ZT-B+R resulted the maximum values of most of the indicators of NUE”
Claim · model-written summary
Energy and NUE parameters differed significantly among N levels.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Energetics and nitrogen-use efficiency of kharif maize”
e7“The energy and NUE parameters were differed significantly due to N levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Input and output energy increased significantly with each increase in N from 0 to 120 kg N/ha.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Energetics and nitrogen-use efficiency of kharif maize”
e7“The input and output energy increased significantly with each successive increase in levels of N from 0 to 120 kg N/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
EUE and NUE decreased significantly from 0 to 180 kg N/ha.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Energetics and nitrogen-use efficiency of kharif maize”
e7“while reverse trends were observed with EUE and NUE, which were decreased significantly from 0 to 180 kg N/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Conservation agriculture had a significant effect on energy indicators and NUE in the second year of the study.
- Treatment
- conservation agriculture (CA)e0
- Outcome
- energy indicators and NUEe0
- Qualifier
- during second year of the studye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Energetics and nitrogen-use efficiency of kharif maize”
e0“Significant (p ≤ 0.05) effect of conservation agriculture (CA) on the energy indicators and NUE was observed during second year of the study”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend a permanent raised bed system with surface retention of crop residues to improve the NUE of applied fertilizer-N in maize.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Energetics and nitrogen-use efficiency of kharif maize”
e1“the study recommends that permanent raised bed system is an energy efficient and could be adopted with surface retention of crop residues to improve the NUE of applied fertilizer-N in maize”
The same questions in other papers
tillage · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
811 papers in the same direction as this paper · 230 in the opposite direction · 57 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
- negative
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See all 1,099 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.