Abstract
Abstract The ‘Rand flora’ is a biogeographical disjunction which refers to plant lineages occurring at the margins of the African continent and neighbouring oceanic archipelagos. Here, we tested whether the phylogeographical pattern of Exormotheca pustulosa Mitt. was the result of vicariance induced by past climatic changes or the outcome of a series of recent long-distance dispersal events. Two chloroplast markers (rps4-trnF region and psbA-trnH spacer) and one nuclear marker (ITS2) were analysed. Phylogenetic and phylogeographical relationships were inferred as well as divergence time estimates and ancestral areas. Exormotheca possibly originated in Eastern Africa during the Late Oligocene/Early Miocene while Exormotheca putulosa diversified during the Late Miocene. Three main E. pustulosa groups were found: the northern Macaronesia/Western Mediterranean, the South Africa/Saint Helena and the Cape Verde groups. The major splits among these groups occurred during the Late Miocene/Pliocene; diversification was recent, dating back to the Pleistocene. Climate-driven vicariance and subsequent long-distance dispersal events may have shaped the current disjunct distribution of E. pustulosa that corresponds to the Rand Flora pattern. Colonization of Macaronesia seems to have occurred twice by two independent lineages. The evolutionary history of E. pustulosa populations of Cape Verde warrants further study.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Exormotheca possibly originated in Eastern Africa during the Late Oligocene/Early Miocene.
- Taxon
- Exormotheca pustulosa
Exormotheca pustulosat0 - Outcome
- originatede1
- Value
- Late Oligocene/Early Miocenee1
- Qualifier
- possiblye1
- Setting
- Eastern Africae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“liverwortExormotheca pustulosa(Marchantiophyta)”
e1“Exormotheca possibly originated in Eastern Africa during the Late Oligocene/Early Miocene”
Claim · model-written summary
Exormotheca pustulosa diversified during the Late Miocene.
- Taxon
- Exormotheca pustulosaExormotheca pustulosat0
- Outcome
- diversifiede2
- Value
- Late Miocenee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“liverwortExormotheca pustulosa(Marchantiophyta)”
e2“while Exormotheca putulosa diversified during the Late Miocene”
Claim · model-written summary
Three main E. pustulosa groups were found: the northern Macaronesia/Western Mediterranean, the South Africa/Saint Helena and the Cape Verde groups.
- Taxon
- Exormotheca pustulosaExormotheca pustulosat0
- Outcome
- Three main E. pustulosa groupse3
- Value
- Threee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“liverwortExormotheca pustulosa(Marchantiophyta)”
e3“Three main E. pustulosa groups were found: the northern Macaronesia/Western Mediterranean, the South Africa/Saint Helena and the Cape Verde groups”
Claim · model-written summary
The major splits among the groups occurred during the Late Miocene/Pliocene.
- Taxon
- Exormotheca pustulosaExormotheca pustulosat0
- Outcome
- major splits among these groupse4
- Value
- Late Miocene/Pliocenee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“liverwortExormotheca pustulosa(Marchantiophyta)”
e4“The major splits among these groups occurred during the Late Miocene/Pliocene”
Claim · model-written summary
Diversification of E. pustulosa was recent, dating back to the Pleistocene.
- Taxon
- Exormotheca pustulosaExormotheca pustulosat0
- Outcome
- diversificatione5
- Value
- Pleistocenee5
- Qualifier
- recente5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“liverwortExormotheca pustulosa(Marchantiophyta)”
e5“diversification was recent, dating back to the Pleistocene”
Claim · model-written summary
Climate-driven vicariance and subsequent long-distance dispersal events may have shaped the current disjunct distribution of E. pustulosa.
- Taxon
- Exormotheca pustulosaExormotheca pustulosat0
- Outcome
- current disjunct distributione6
- Qualifier
- Climate-driven vicariance and subsequent long-distance dispersal eventse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“liverwortExormotheca pustulosa(Marchantiophyta)”
e6“Climate-driven vicariance and subsequent long-distance dispersal events may have shaped the current disjunct distribution of E. pustulosa”
Claim · model-written summary
Colonization of Macaronesia seems to have occurred twice, by two independent lineages.
- Taxon
- Exormotheca pustulosaExormotheca pustulosat0
- Outcome
- Colonization of Macaronesiae7
- Value
- twicee7
- Qualifier
- by two independent lineagese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“liverwortExormotheca pustulosa(Marchantiophyta)”
e7“Colonization of Macaronesia seems to have occurred twice by two independent lineages”