Abstract
Abstract We assessed the seed production and shedding pattern of 10 common weed species in two oat fields in Denmark. The aim was to evaluate the possibility of harvesting retained seeds on weeds at crop harvest by a combine harvester based on estimation of weed seed retention. Before flowering, ten plants of each weed species were selected and surrounded by a seed trap comprising of a porous net. When the plants started shedding seeds, the seeds were collected from the traps and counted weekly until oat harvest. Just before oat harvest, the retained seeds on the plants were counted and the ratio of harvestable seeds and shed seeds during the growing season was determined. The seed production and shedding patterns varied between the 2 years. Across both years, Anagallis arvensis L., Capsella bursa‐pastoris L. Medik, Chenopodium album L., Geranium molle L., Persicaria maculosa Gray, Polygonum aviculare L., Silene noctiflora L., Sonchus arvensis L., Veronica persica Poir. and Viola arvensis Murray retained on average 61.6%, 52.7%, 67.2%, 58.4%, 32.05%, 59.5%, 95.7%, 23.5%, 51.7% and 33.9%, respectively, of their produced seeds at crop harvest. Silene noctiflora was classified as a good target for harvest weed seed control; C. bursa‐pastoris , C . album , G . molle , P . maculosa , S . arvensis and V . arvensis were classified as intermediate targets; and A . arvensis , P . aviculare and V . persica were classified as poor targets.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Anagallis arvensis retained on average 61.6% of its produced seeds at crop harvest.
- Taxon
- Anagallis arvensis
Lysimachia arvensise1 - Outcome
- produced seedse1
- Direction
- retainede1
- Value
- 61.6%e1
- Setting
- oat fields in Denmarke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We assessed the seed production and shedding pattern of 10 common weed species in two oat fields in Denmark”
e1“Across both years, Anagallis arvensis L., Capsella bursa‐pastoris L. Medik, Chenopodium album L., Geranium molle L., Persicaria maculosa Gray, Polygonum aviculare L., Silene noctiflora L., Sonchus arvensis L., Veronica persica Poir. and Viola arvensis Murray retained on average 61.6%, 52.7%, 67.2%, 58.4%, 32.05%, 59.5%, 95.7%, 23.5%, 51.7% and 33.9%, respectively, of their produced seeds at crop harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
Capsella bursa‐pastoris retained on average 52.7% of its produced seeds at crop harvest.
Verbatim
e0“We assessed the seed production and shedding pattern of 10 common weed species in two oat fields in Denmark”
e1“Across both years, Anagallis arvensis L., Capsella bursa‐pastoris L. Medik, Chenopodium album L., Geranium molle L., Persicaria maculosa Gray, Polygonum aviculare L., Silene noctiflora L., Sonchus arvensis L., Veronica persica Poir. and Viola arvensis Murray retained on average 61.6%, 52.7%, 67.2%, 58.4%, 32.05%, 59.5%, 95.7%, 23.5%, 51.7% and 33.9%, respectively, of their produced seeds at crop harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
Chenopodium album retained on average 67.2% of its produced seeds at crop harvest.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium album
Chenopodium albume1 - Outcome
- produced seedse1
- Direction
- retainede1
- Value
- 67.2%e1
- Setting
- oat fields in Denmarke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We assessed the seed production and shedding pattern of 10 common weed species in two oat fields in Denmark”
e1“Across both years, Anagallis arvensis L., Capsella bursa‐pastoris L. Medik, Chenopodium album L., Geranium molle L., Persicaria maculosa Gray, Polygonum aviculare L., Silene noctiflora L., Sonchus arvensis L., Veronica persica Poir. and Viola arvensis Murray retained on average 61.6%, 52.7%, 67.2%, 58.4%, 32.05%, 59.5%, 95.7%, 23.5%, 51.7% and 33.9%, respectively, of their produced seeds at crop harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
Geranium molle retained on average 58.4% of its produced seeds at crop harvest.
- Taxon
- Geranium molle
Geranium mollee1 - Outcome
- produced seedse1
- Direction
- retainede1
- Value
- 58.4%e1
- Setting
- oat fields in Denmarke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We assessed the seed production and shedding pattern of 10 common weed species in two oat fields in Denmark”
e1“Across both years, Anagallis arvensis L., Capsella bursa‐pastoris L. Medik, Chenopodium album L., Geranium molle L., Persicaria maculosa Gray, Polygonum aviculare L., Silene noctiflora L., Sonchus arvensis L., Veronica persica Poir. and Viola arvensis Murray retained on average 61.6%, 52.7%, 67.2%, 58.4%, 32.05%, 59.5%, 95.7%, 23.5%, 51.7% and 33.9%, respectively, of their produced seeds at crop harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
Persicaria maculosa retained on average 32.05% of its produced seeds at crop harvest.
- Taxon
- Persicaria maculosa
Persicaria maculosae1 - Outcome
- produced seedse1
- Direction
- retainede1
- Value
- 32.05%e1
- Setting
- oat fields in Denmarke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We assessed the seed production and shedding pattern of 10 common weed species in two oat fields in Denmark”
e1“Across both years, Anagallis arvensis L., Capsella bursa‐pastoris L. Medik, Chenopodium album L., Geranium molle L., Persicaria maculosa Gray, Polygonum aviculare L., Silene noctiflora L., Sonchus arvensis L., Veronica persica Poir. and Viola arvensis Murray retained on average 61.6%, 52.7%, 67.2%, 58.4%, 32.05%, 59.5%, 95.7%, 23.5%, 51.7% and 33.9%, respectively, of their produced seeds at crop harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
Polygonum aviculare retained on average 59.5% of its produced seeds at crop harvest.
- Taxon
- Polygonum aviculare
Polygonum avicularee1 - Outcome
- produced seedse1
- Direction
- retainede1
- Value
- 59.5%e1
- Setting
- oat fields in Denmarke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We assessed the seed production and shedding pattern of 10 common weed species in two oat fields in Denmark”
e1“Across both years, Anagallis arvensis L., Capsella bursa‐pastoris L. Medik, Chenopodium album L., Geranium molle L., Persicaria maculosa Gray, Polygonum aviculare L., Silene noctiflora L., Sonchus arvensis L., Veronica persica Poir. and Viola arvensis Murray retained on average 61.6%, 52.7%, 67.2%, 58.4%, 32.05%, 59.5%, 95.7%, 23.5%, 51.7% and 33.9%, respectively, of their produced seeds at crop harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
Silene noctiflora retained on average 95.7% of its produced seeds at crop harvest.
- Taxon
- Silene noctiflora
Silene noctiflorae1 - Outcome
- produced seedse1
- Direction
- retainede1
- Value
- 95.7%e1
- Setting
- oat fields in Denmarke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We assessed the seed production and shedding pattern of 10 common weed species in two oat fields in Denmark”
e1“Across both years, Anagallis arvensis L., Capsella bursa‐pastoris L. Medik, Chenopodium album L., Geranium molle L., Persicaria maculosa Gray, Polygonum aviculare L., Silene noctiflora L., Sonchus arvensis L., Veronica persica Poir. and Viola arvensis Murray retained on average 61.6%, 52.7%, 67.2%, 58.4%, 32.05%, 59.5%, 95.7%, 23.5%, 51.7% and 33.9%, respectively, of their produced seeds at crop harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
Sonchus arvensis retained on average 23.5% of its produced seeds at crop harvest.
- Taxon
- Sonchus arvensis
.jpg?width=60)
Sonchus arvensise1 - Outcome
- produced seedse1
- Direction
- retainede1
- Value
- 23.5%e1
- Setting
- oat fields in Denmarke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“We assessed the seed production and shedding pattern of 10 common weed species in two oat fields in Denmark”
e1“Across both years, Anagallis arvensis L., Capsella bursa‐pastoris L. Medik, Chenopodium album L., Geranium molle L., Persicaria maculosa Gray, Polygonum aviculare L., Silene noctiflora L., Sonchus arvensis L., Veronica persica Poir. and Viola arvensis Murray retained on average 61.6%, 52.7%, 67.2%, 58.4%, 32.05%, 59.5%, 95.7%, 23.5%, 51.7% and 33.9%, respectively, of their produced seeds at crop harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
Veronica persica retained on average 51.7% of its produced seeds at crop harvest.
- Taxon
- Veronica persica
Veronica persicae1 - Outcome
- produced seedse1
- Direction
- retainede1
- Value
- 51.7%e1
- Setting
- oat fields in Denmarke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We assessed the seed production and shedding pattern of 10 common weed species in two oat fields in Denmark”
e1“Across both years, Anagallis arvensis L., Capsella bursa‐pastoris L. Medik, Chenopodium album L., Geranium molle L., Persicaria maculosa Gray, Polygonum aviculare L., Silene noctiflora L., Sonchus arvensis L., Veronica persica Poir. and Viola arvensis Murray retained on average 61.6%, 52.7%, 67.2%, 58.4%, 32.05%, 59.5%, 95.7%, 23.5%, 51.7% and 33.9%, respectively, of their produced seeds at crop harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
Viola arvensis retained on average 33.9% of its produced seeds at crop harvest.
- Taxon
- Viola arvensis
_Viola_arvensis_-_White_flower.jpg?width=60)
Viola arvensise1 - Outcome
- produced seedse1
- Direction
- retainede1
- Value
- 33.9%e1
- Setting
- oat fields in Denmarke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Viola_arvensis_-_White_flower.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“We assessed the seed production and shedding pattern of 10 common weed species in two oat fields in Denmark”
e1“Across both years, Anagallis arvensis L., Capsella bursa‐pastoris L. Medik, Chenopodium album L., Geranium molle L., Persicaria maculosa Gray, Polygonum aviculare L., Silene noctiflora L., Sonchus arvensis L., Veronica persica Poir. and Viola arvensis Murray retained on average 61.6%, 52.7%, 67.2%, 58.4%, 32.05%, 59.5%, 95.7%, 23.5%, 51.7% and 33.9%, respectively, of their produced seeds at crop harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
Silene noctiflora is a good target for harvest weed seed control.
- Taxon
- Silene noctifloraSilene noctiflorae1
- Outcome
- classified as a good targete2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Across both years, Anagallis arvensis L., Capsella bursa‐pastoris L. Medik, Chenopodium album L., Geranium molle L., Persicaria maculosa Gray, Polygonum aviculare L., Silene noctiflora L., Sonchus arvensis L., Veronica persica Poir. and Viola arvensis Murray retained on average 61.6%, 52.7%, 67.2%, 58.4%, 32.05%, 59.5%, 95.7%, 23.5%, 51.7% and 33.9%, respectively, of their produced seeds at crop harvest”
e2“Silene noctiflora was classified as a good target for harvest weed seed control”
Claim · model-written summary
Capsella bursa‐pastoris is an intermediate target for harvest weed seed control.
Verbatim
e1“Across both years, Anagallis arvensis L., Capsella bursa‐pastoris L. Medik, Chenopodium album L., Geranium molle L., Persicaria maculosa Gray, Polygonum aviculare L., Silene noctiflora L., Sonchus arvensis L., Veronica persica Poir. and Viola arvensis Murray retained on average 61.6%, 52.7%, 67.2%, 58.4%, 32.05%, 59.5%, 95.7%, 23.5%, 51.7% and 33.9%, respectively, of their produced seeds at crop harvest”
e3“C. bursa‐pastoris , C . album , G . molle , P . maculosa , S . arvensis and V . arvensis were classified as intermediate targets”
Claim · model-written summary
Chenopodium album is an intermediate target for harvest weed seed control.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium albumChenopodium albume1
- Outcome
- classified as intermediate targetse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Across both years, Anagallis arvensis L., Capsella bursa‐pastoris L. Medik, Chenopodium album L., Geranium molle L., Persicaria maculosa Gray, Polygonum aviculare L., Silene noctiflora L., Sonchus arvensis L., Veronica persica Poir. and Viola arvensis Murray retained on average 61.6%, 52.7%, 67.2%, 58.4%, 32.05%, 59.5%, 95.7%, 23.5%, 51.7% and 33.9%, respectively, of their produced seeds at crop harvest”
e3“C. bursa‐pastoris , C . album , G . molle , P . maculosa , S . arvensis and V . arvensis were classified as intermediate targets”
Claim · model-written summary
Geranium molle is an intermediate target for harvest weed seed control.
- Taxon
- Geranium molleGeranium mollee1
- Outcome
- classified as intermediate targetse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Across both years, Anagallis arvensis L., Capsella bursa‐pastoris L. Medik, Chenopodium album L., Geranium molle L., Persicaria maculosa Gray, Polygonum aviculare L., Silene noctiflora L., Sonchus arvensis L., Veronica persica Poir. and Viola arvensis Murray retained on average 61.6%, 52.7%, 67.2%, 58.4%, 32.05%, 59.5%, 95.7%, 23.5%, 51.7% and 33.9%, respectively, of their produced seeds at crop harvest”
e3“C. bursa‐pastoris , C . album , G . molle , P . maculosa , S . arvensis and V . arvensis were classified as intermediate targets”
Claim · model-written summary
Persicaria maculosa is an intermediate target for harvest weed seed control.
- Taxon
- Persicaria maculosaPersicaria maculosae1
- Outcome
- classified as intermediate targetse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Across both years, Anagallis arvensis L., Capsella bursa‐pastoris L. Medik, Chenopodium album L., Geranium molle L., Persicaria maculosa Gray, Polygonum aviculare L., Silene noctiflora L., Sonchus arvensis L., Veronica persica Poir. and Viola arvensis Murray retained on average 61.6%, 52.7%, 67.2%, 58.4%, 32.05%, 59.5%, 95.7%, 23.5%, 51.7% and 33.9%, respectively, of their produced seeds at crop harvest”
e3“C. bursa‐pastoris , C . album , G . molle , P . maculosa , S . arvensis and V . arvensis were classified as intermediate targets”
Claim · model-written summary
Sonchus arvensis is an intermediate target for harvest weed seed control.
- Taxon
- Sonchus arvensisSonchus arvensise1
- Outcome
- classified as intermediate targetse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Across both years, Anagallis arvensis L., Capsella bursa‐pastoris L. Medik, Chenopodium album L., Geranium molle L., Persicaria maculosa Gray, Polygonum aviculare L., Silene noctiflora L., Sonchus arvensis L., Veronica persica Poir. and Viola arvensis Murray retained on average 61.6%, 52.7%, 67.2%, 58.4%, 32.05%, 59.5%, 95.7%, 23.5%, 51.7% and 33.9%, respectively, of their produced seeds at crop harvest”
e3“C. bursa‐pastoris , C . album , G . molle , P . maculosa , S . arvensis and V . arvensis were classified as intermediate targets”
Claim · model-written summary
Viola arvensis is an intermediate target for harvest weed seed control.
- Taxon
- Viola arvensisViola arvensise1
- Outcome
- classified as intermediate targetse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Across both years, Anagallis arvensis L., Capsella bursa‐pastoris L. Medik, Chenopodium album L., Geranium molle L., Persicaria maculosa Gray, Polygonum aviculare L., Silene noctiflora L., Sonchus arvensis L., Veronica persica Poir. and Viola arvensis Murray retained on average 61.6%, 52.7%, 67.2%, 58.4%, 32.05%, 59.5%, 95.7%, 23.5%, 51.7% and 33.9%, respectively, of their produced seeds at crop harvest”
e3“C. bursa‐pastoris , C . album , G . molle , P . maculosa , S . arvensis and V . arvensis were classified as intermediate targets”
Claim · model-written summary
Anagallis arvensis is a poor target for harvest weed seed control.
- Taxon
- Anagallis arvensisLysimachia arvensise1
- Outcome
- classified as poor targetse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Across both years, Anagallis arvensis L., Capsella bursa‐pastoris L. Medik, Chenopodium album L., Geranium molle L., Persicaria maculosa Gray, Polygonum aviculare L., Silene noctiflora L., Sonchus arvensis L., Veronica persica Poir. and Viola arvensis Murray retained on average 61.6%, 52.7%, 67.2%, 58.4%, 32.05%, 59.5%, 95.7%, 23.5%, 51.7% and 33.9%, respectively, of their produced seeds at crop harvest”
e4“A . arvensis , P . aviculare and V . persica were classified as poor targets”
Claim · model-written summary
Polygonum aviculare is a poor target for harvest weed seed control.
- Taxon
- Polygonum avicularePolygonum avicularee1
- Outcome
- classified as poor targetse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Across both years, Anagallis arvensis L., Capsella bursa‐pastoris L. Medik, Chenopodium album L., Geranium molle L., Persicaria maculosa Gray, Polygonum aviculare L., Silene noctiflora L., Sonchus arvensis L., Veronica persica Poir. and Viola arvensis Murray retained on average 61.6%, 52.7%, 67.2%, 58.4%, 32.05%, 59.5%, 95.7%, 23.5%, 51.7% and 33.9%, respectively, of their produced seeds at crop harvest”
e4“A . arvensis , P . aviculare and V . persica were classified as poor targets”
Claim · model-written summary
Veronica persica is a poor target for harvest weed seed control.
- Taxon
- Veronica persicaVeronica persicae1
- Outcome
- classified as poor targetse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Across both years, Anagallis arvensis L., Capsella bursa‐pastoris L. Medik, Chenopodium album L., Geranium molle L., Persicaria maculosa Gray, Polygonum aviculare L., Silene noctiflora L., Sonchus arvensis L., Veronica persica Poir. and Viola arvensis Murray retained on average 61.6%, 52.7%, 67.2%, 58.4%, 32.05%, 59.5%, 95.7%, 23.5%, 51.7% and 33.9%, respectively, of their produced seeds at crop harvest”
e4“A . arvensis , P . aviculare and V . persica were classified as poor targets”