Abstract
Abstract Cultural practices used for crop management can influence numbers of weed seeds in the soil seed bank. This paper reports results of field experiments conducted for 6 yr to examine changes in weed seed numbers due to management practices. We evaluated the effect of tillage, herbicide application, and interrow cultivation on weed seed numbers in a soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]/corn ( Zea mays L.) rotation and in continuous corn. Treatment effects on weed seed numbers were more repetitive in soybean/corn than continuous corn. Foxtails ( Setaria spp.) were the weed class most affected by treatments. Weed seeds were uniformly distributed among sampling depths in conventional tillage and concentrated near the soil surface in reduced tillage and no‐tillage. We expected weed seeds to become more numerous in the top 5 cm of soil as tillage was reduced. Tillage, as a main effect, rarely influenced weed seed numbers; therefore, we inferred that weed seed losses at the surface must have increased in reduced‐tillage plots. Seed numbers were uniform among soil depths if herbicides were broadcast, but differed if herbicides were banded or omitted, due to increased seed deposition at the surface. Tillage affected vertical distribution of seeds, while the quantity of weed seeds in the top 5 cm of soil was regulated by weed control practices. This indicates that reducing weed seed deposition could be helpful for maintaining weed seeds in reduced‐tillage systems at numbers similar to those of intensively tilled systems.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment effects on weed seed numbers were more repetitive in soybean/corn rotation than in continuous corn.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe1 - Treatment
- tillage, herbicide application, and interrow cultivatione0
- Outcome
- weed seed numberse1
- Direction
- more repetitivee1
- Comparator
- continuous corne1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated the effect of tillage, herbicide application, and interrow cultivation on weed seed numbers in a soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]/corn ( Zea mays L.) rotation and in continuous corn”
e1“Treatment effects on weed seed numbers were more repetitive in soybean/corn than continuous corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Foxtails were the weed class most affected by the treatments.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Interactor
- Foxtails
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Alopecurus pratensise2weed - Outcome
- most affected by treatmentse2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated the effect of tillage, herbicide application, and interrow cultivation on weed seed numbers in a soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]/corn ( Zea mays L.) rotation and in continuous corn”
e2“Foxtails ( Setaria spp.) were the weed class most affected by treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage as a main effect rarely influenced weed seed numbers.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Tillagee3
- Outcome
- weed seed numberse0
- Direction
- rarely influencede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated the effect of tillage, herbicide application, and interrow cultivation on weed seed numbers in a soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]/corn ( Zea mays L.) rotation and in continuous corn”
e3“Tillage, as a main effect, rarely influenced weed seed numbers”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage affected the vertical distribution of weed seeds in soil.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Tillagee4
- Outcome
- vertical distribution of seedse4
- Direction
- affectede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated the effect of tillage, herbicide application, and interrow cultivation on weed seed numbers in a soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]/corn ( Zea mays L.) rotation and in continuous corn”
e4“Tillage affected vertical distribution of seeds, while the quantity of weed seeds in the top 5 cm of soil was regulated by weed control practices”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed control practices regulated the quantity of weed seeds in the top 5 cm of soil.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- weed control practicese4
- Outcome
- quantity of weed seeds in the top 5 cm of soile4
- Direction
- regulatede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated the effect of tillage, herbicide application, and interrow cultivation on weed seed numbers in a soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]/corn ( Zea mays L.) rotation and in continuous corn”
e4“Tillage affected vertical distribution of seeds, while the quantity of weed seeds in the top 5 cm of soil was regulated by weed control practices”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed numbers differed among soil depths when herbicides were banded or omitted.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- herbicides were banded or omittede6
- Outcome
- Seed numberse6
- Direction
- differede6
- Qualifier
- among soil depthse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated the effect of tillage, herbicide application, and interrow cultivation on weed seed numbers in a soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]/corn ( Zea mays L.) rotation and in continuous corn”
e6“Seed numbers were uniform among soil depths if herbicides were broadcast, but differed if herbicides were banded or omitted, due to increased seed deposition at the surface”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed numbers were uniform among soil depths when herbicides were broadcast.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- herbicides were broadcaste6
- Outcome
- Seed numberse6
- Direction
- uniforme6
- Qualifier
- among soil depthse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated the effect of tillage, herbicide application, and interrow cultivation on weed seed numbers in a soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]/corn ( Zea mays L.) rotation and in continuous corn”
e6“Seed numbers were uniform among soil depths if herbicides were broadcast, but differed if herbicides were banded or omitted, due to increased seed deposition at the surface”
Claim · model-written summary
In conventional tillage, weed seeds were uniformly distributed among sampling depths.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- conventional tillagee5
- Outcome
- uniformly distributed among sampling depthse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated the effect of tillage, herbicide application, and interrow cultivation on weed seed numbers in a soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]/corn ( Zea mays L.) rotation and in continuous corn”
e5“Weed seeds were uniformly distributed among sampling depths in conventional tillage and concentrated near the soil surface in reduced tillage”
Claim · model-written summary
In reduced tillage, weed seeds were concentrated near the soil surface.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- reduced tillagee5
- Outcome
- concentrated near the soil surfacee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated the effect of tillage, herbicide application, and interrow cultivation on weed seed numbers in a soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]/corn ( Zea mays L.) rotation and in continuous corn”
e5“Weed seeds were uniformly distributed among sampling depths in conventional tillage and concentrated near the soil surface in reduced tillage”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing weed seed deposition could help maintain weed seed numbers in reduced tillage systems at levels similar to intensively tilled systems.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- maintaining weed seedse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated the effect of tillage, herbicide application, and interrow cultivation on weed seed numbers in a soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]/corn ( Zea mays L.) rotation and in continuous corn”
e7“This indicates that reducing weed seed deposition could be helpful for maintaining weed seeds in reduced”