Abstract
Agricultural activities carried out over time, and accordingly the developments in pest control methods, and climatic changes caused by the global warming affect the composition and density of weeds in agricultural areas. In order to determine and reveal the causes of this change, a survey was conducted on cereal fields in Van in 2017 and compared with the results of a 31 years old survey. A total of 71 weed species belonging to 23 plant families were identified in 2017, while 84 weed species belonging to 24 plant families were identified in 1986. Looking at the weed density in unit area, it was found that the weed averages were 41.8 in a square meter in 2017 and 82.8 in 1986. In both surveys, the number of weed species was almost equal to each other and the coefficient of Similarity Index (SI) for 2 surveys was calculated as 0.58 in terms of weeds. While the roughfruit corn bedstraw (Galium tricornutum Dandy.), tuberous cranesbill (Geranium tuberosum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) were detected as the most intensive species in 1986, the narrowleaf knotweed (Polygonum bellardii All.), goatgrass (Aegilops spp.) and summer pheasant's eye (Adonis aestivalis L.) were identified as the densest species in the recent study. When the weed distribution was assessed based on their abundances, the field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) with 21.3% frequency of occurrence and yellowweed (Boreava orientalisJaub. & Spach) with 19.5% frequency of occurrence were detected as the most common weeds in 2017. The field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) was the most common weed type in both studies, while the yellowweed was found to be common only in 2017. When both studies were compared, it was seen that the total weed density had decreased at a significant level during the last 31 years, although there had been significant increase in the density of several weeds, such as the yellowweed (Boreava orientalis Jaub. & Spach). It is considered that this decrease was due to the increase in cultivation and pest control techniques.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
In the 2017 survey of cereal fields, 71 weed species belonging to 23 plant families were identified.
Verbatim
e0“A total of 71 weed species belonging to 23 plant families were identified in 2017”
Claim · model-written summary
In the 1986 survey, 84 weed species belonging to 24 plant families were identified.
Verbatim
e0“while 84 weed species belonging to 24 plant families were identified in 1986”
Claim · model-written summary
Average weed density in 2017 was 41.8 per square meter.
Verbatim
e0“the weed averages were 41.8 in a square meter in 2017”
Claim · model-written summary
Average weed density in 1986 was 82.8 per square meter.
Verbatim
e0“weed averages were 41.8 in a square meter in 2017 and 82.8 in 1986”
Claim · model-written summary
The Similarity Index between the two surveys was 0.58 in terms of weeds.
Verbatim
e0“the coefficient of Similarity Index (SI) for 2 surveys was calculated as 0.58 in terms of weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Roughfruit corn bedstraw, tuberous cranesbill and rye were the most intensive weed species in 1986.
- Taxon
- roughfruit corn bedstraw (Galium tricornutum Dandy.), tuberous cranesbill (Geranium tuberosum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.)
Secale cereale
Geranium tuberosum
Galium tricornutume0 - Outcome
- most intensive speciese0
- Qualifier
- 1986e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“roughfruit corn bedstraw (Galium tricornutum Dandy.), tuberous cranesbill (Geranium tuberosum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) were detected as the most intensive species in 1986”
Claim · model-written summary
Narrowleaf knotweed, goatgrass and summer pheasant's eye were the densest species in the 2017 survey.
- Taxon
- narrowleaf knotweed (Polygonum bellardii All.), goatgrass (Aegilops spp.) and summer pheasant's eye (Adonis aestivalis L.)
Aegilops
Adonis aestivalisPolygonum bellardiie0 - Outcome
- densest speciese0
- Qualifier
- recent studye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the narrowleaf knotweed (Polygonum bellardii All.), goatgrass (Aegilops spp.) and summer pheasant's eye (Adonis aestivalis L.) were identified as the densest species in the recent study”
Claim · model-written summary
Field bindweed had a frequency of occurrence of 21.3% and was among the most common weeds in 2017.
- Taxon
- field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.)
.jpg?width=60)
Convolvulus arvensise0 - Outcome
- frequency of occurrencee0
- Value
- 21.3%e0
- Qualifier
- most common weeds in 2017e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) with 21.3% frequency of occurrence and yellowweed (Boreava orientalisJaub. & Spach) with 19.5% frequency of occurrence were detected as the most common weeds in 2017”
Claim · model-written summary
Yellowweed had a frequency of occurrence of 19.5% and was among the most common weeds in 2017.
- Taxon
- yellowweed (Boreava orientalisJaub. & Spach)Isatis quadrialatae0
- Outcome
- frequency of occurrencee0
- Value
- 19.5%e0
- Qualifier
- most common weeds in 2017e0
Verbatim
e0“the field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) with 21.3% frequency of occurrence and yellowweed (Boreava orientalisJaub. & Spach) with 19.5% frequency of occurrence were detected as the most common weeds in 2017”
Claim · model-written summary
Field bindweed was the most common weed type in both the 1986 and 2017 surveys.
- Taxon
- field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.)Convolvulus arvensise0
- Outcome
- most common weed typee0
- Qualifier
- in both studiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) was the most common weed type in both studies”
Claim · model-written summary
Total weed density decreased significantly over the 31 years between the surveys.
Verbatim
e0“the total weed density had decreased at a significant level during the last 31 years”
Claim · model-written summary
The density of several weeds, such as yellowweed, increased significantly between the surveys.
- Taxon
- yellowweed (Boreava orientalis Jaub. & Spach)Isatis quadrialatae0
- Outcome
- densitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
Verbatim
e0“significant increase in the density of several weeds, such as the yellowweed (Boreava orientalis Jaub. & Spach)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors consider the decrease in weed density to be due to increased cultivation and pest control techniques.
Verbatim
e0“the total weed density had decreased at a significant level during the last 31 years”
e1“It is considered that this decrease was due to the increase in cultivation and pest control techniques”