Abstract
One of the reasons for the decrease in the yield of winter wheat and spring barley is the significant distribution in the crops of rhizome and root spawn weeds. The high competitiveness of weeds is largely determined by the features of their mineral nutrition. The accumulation of K2O in the Cirsium setosum and Sonchus arvensis exceeded the accumulation in cultivated plants twice. The nitrogen content in the roots and rhizomes of weeds was 1.5–2 times higher than the content of cultivated plants. The total removal of nutrients by weeds is influenced by their tier. Weed plants, intensively growing in the middle and upper tiers, contributed to a greater removal of nutrients from the soil. The removal of nitrogen was 14–43 % of the removal of cultivated plants, phosphorus – 4–12 %, potassium – up to 80 % of the removal of culture. A significant decrease (> 10 %) in yield is observed at a population density of 5–10 weeds/m2 in the lower tier. Winter wheat was more stable. A reduction of 10 % with 11–15 weeds/m2 of the lower tier. A decrease in plant productivity by 10–15 % with a population density of 5–10 weeds/m2. The calculation of the economic threshold level (ETL) at the level of 5 % yield loss for the lower tier ranged from 6–8 weeds/m2, at the level of 10 % loss to 8–12 weeds/m2. ETL (5 %) for weeds of medium and high level for Cirsium setosum in crops of spring barley – 2 weeds/m2 and in winter wheat crops – 4 weeds/m2; Equisetum arvense – 4 and 5 weeds/m2, Sonchus arvensis – 2 and 4 weeds/m2, Convolvulus arvensis – 5 and 5 weeds/m2, respectively
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Cirsium setosum and Sonchus arvensis accumulated twice as much K2O as cultivated plants.
- Taxon
- cultivated plantse0
- Interactor
- Cirsium setosum and Sonchus arvensis
.jpg?width=60)
Sonchus arvensis
Cirsium arvense var. setosume0weed - Outcome
- accumulation of K2Oe0
- Direction
- exceedede0
- Value
- twicee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The accumulation of K2O in the Cirsium setosum and Sonchus arvensis exceeded the accumulation in cultivated plants twice.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen content in weed roots and rhizomes was 1.5–2 times that of cultivated plants.
Verbatim
e0“The nitrogen content in the roots and rhizomes of weeds was 1.5–2 times higher than the content of cultivated plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Weeds growing in middle and upper tiers removed more soil nutrients.
- Interactor
- Weed plantse0weed
- Outcome
- removal of nutrients from the soile0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- middle and upper tierse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Weed plants, intensively growing in the middle and upper tiers, contributed to a greater removal of nutrients from the soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen removal by weeds was 14–43% of removal by cultivated plants.
Not reportedInteractor
Verbatim
e0“The removal of nitrogen was 14–43 % of the removal of cultivated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus removal by weeds was 4–12% of removal by cultivated plants.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“phosphorus – 4–12 %”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium removal by weeds reached 80% of removal by cultivated plants.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“potassium – up to 80 % of the removal of culture.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower-tier weed density of 5–10 weeds/m2 was associated with a yield decrease greater than 10%.
Not reportedTaxonInteractor
Verbatim
e0“A significant decrease (> 10 %) in yield is observed at a population density of 5–10 weeds/m2 in the lower tier.”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat yield declined 10% at 11–15 lower-tier weeds/m2.
- Taxon
- Winter wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- reductione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 10 %e0
- Qualifier
- 11–15 weeds/m2 of the lower tiere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Winter wheat was more stable. A reduction of 10 % with 11–15 weeds/m2 of the lower tier.”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant productivity fell 10–15% at a weed density of 5–10 weeds/m2.
Not reportedInteractor
Verbatim
e0“A decrease in plant productivity by 10–15 % with a population density of 5–10 weeds/m2.”
Claim · model-written summary
For lower-tier weeds, the estimated economic threshold was 6–8 weeds/m2 at 5% yield loss.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The calculation of the economic threshold level (ETL) at the level of 5 % yield loss for the lower tier ranged from 6–8 weeds/m2”
Claim · model-written summary
For lower-tier weeds, the estimated economic threshold was 8–12 weeds/m2 at 10% yield loss.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“at the level of 10 % loss to 8–12 weeds/m2.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 5% yield loss, the Cirsium setosum threshold was 2 weeds/m2 in spring barley.
- Taxon
- spring barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Interactor
- Cirsium setosumCirsium arvense var. setosume0weed
- Outcome
- ETLe0
- Value
- 2 weeds/m2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“ETL (5 %) for weeds of medium and high level for Cirsium setosum in crops of spring barley – 2 weeds/m2 and in winter wheat crops – 4 weeds/m2”
Claim · model-written summary
At 5% yield loss, the Cirsium setosum threshold was 4 weeds/m2 in winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Interactor
- Cirsium setosumCirsium arvense var. setosume0weed
- Outcome
- ETLe0
- Value
- 4 weeds/m2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ETL (5 %) for weeds of medium and high level for Cirsium setosum in crops of spring barley – 2 weeds/m2 and in winter wheat crops – 4 weeds/m2”
Claim · model-written summary
At 5% yield loss, Equisetum arvense thresholds were 4 and 5 weeds/m2 in spring barley and winter wheat, respectively.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Equisetum arvense – 4 and 5 weeds/m2”
Claim · model-written summary
At 5% yield loss, Sonchus arvensis thresholds were 2 and 4 weeds/m2 in spring barley and winter wheat, respectively.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Sonchus arvensis – 2 and 4 weeds/m2”
Claim · model-written summary
At 5% yield loss, Convolvulus arvensis thresholds were 5 weeds/m2 in both spring barley and winter wheat.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Convolvulus arvensis – 5 and 5 weeds/m2”