Abstract
Some secondary metabolites produced by fungi are carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, and/or cause birth defects in humans and animals. We developed and optimised bio-analytical tools for detection of metabolites, aflatoxins and evaluated the effectiveness of the methods in co-infected maize tissues. Isolate KSM012 (atoxigenic) demonstrated no peaks and no blue fluorescence on HPLC and TLC plates respectively confirming non-toxicity. AFB1 and AFB2 were produced by Isolate KSM015 in addition to AFG1 and AFG2, which is an indication of possible SBG morphotype. The limits of quantification and detection ranged from 0.02 to 35.81 µg/mL and 0.01–6.8 µg/mL, respectively. The best mass spectrum with lowest noise was obtained at 100% ACN and sterile water spiked with 0.1% formic acid at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The positive ion mode with electrospray ionisation application exhibited better fragmentation for mycotoxins. In total 17 metabolites were detected by targeted and formula mass. KDVI maize line exhibited high fungal colonisation in comparison to GAF4 at equal co-infection ratio 50:50. AFB1 and AFG2 were remarkably higher in GAF4 in comparison to sensitive KDV1 (p ˂ 0.05). The detection limits, linearity and sensitivity showed the method developed was suitable for the determination of mycotoxin in comparisons to the guidelines of European Commission 657/EC 2002.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
The maize line KDVI showed higher fungal colonisation than GAF4 at an equal co-infection ratio of 50:50.
- Material
- KDVIe0
- Outcome
- fungal colonisatione0
- Direction
- highe0
- Qualifier
- equal co-infection ratio 50:50e0
- Comparator
- GAF4e0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“KDVI maize line exhibited high fungal colonisation in comparison to GAF4 at equal co-infection ratio 50:50”
Claim · model-written summary
AFB1 and AFG2 levels were remarkably higher in the maize line GAF4 than in the sensitive line KDV1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AFB1 and AFG2 were remarkably higher in GAF4 in comparison to sensitive KDV1”
e1“co-infected maize tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
The limits of quantification of the developed method ranged from 0.02 to 35.81 µg/mL.
Verbatim
e0“The limits of quantification and detection ranged from 0.02 to 35.81 µg/mL and 0.01–6.8 µg/mL, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The limits of detection of the developed method ranged from 0.01 to 6.8 µg/mL.
Verbatim
e0“The limits of quantification and detection ranged from 0.02 to 35.81 µg/mL and 0.01–6.8 µg/mL, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The best mass spectrum with the lowest noise was obtained with 100% ACN and sterile water spiked with 0.1% formic acid at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min.
Verbatim
e0“The best mass spectrum with lowest noise was obtained at 100% ACN and sterile water spiked with 0.1% formic acid at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min”
Claim · model-written summary
In total 17 metabolites were detected by targeted and formula mass.
Verbatim
e0“In total 17 metabolites were detected by targeted and formula mass”
Claim · model-written summary
The detection limits, linearity and sensitivity showed the developed method was suitable for determining mycotoxin, in comparison with European Commission 657/EC 2002 guidelines.
Verbatim
e0“The detection limits, linearity and sensitivity showed the method developed was suitable for the determination of mycotoxin in comparisons to the guidelines of European Commission 657/EC 2002”