Abstract
Biebersteiniaceae and Nitrariaceae, two small families, were classified in Sapindales recently. Taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships within Sapindales are still poorly resolved and controversial. In current study, we compared the chloroplast genomes of five species (Biebersteinia heterostemon, Peganum harmala, Nitraria roborowskii, Nitraria sibirica, and Nitraria tangutorum) from Biebersteiniaceae and Nitrariaceae. High similarity was detected in the gene order, content and orientation of the five chloroplast genomes; 13 highly variable regions were identified among the five species. An accelerated substitution rate was found in the protein-coding genes, especially clpP. The effective number of codons (ENC), parity rule 2 (PR2), and neutrality plots together revealed that the codon usage bias is affected by mutation and selection. The phylogenetic analysis strongly supported (Nitrariaceae (Biebersteiniaceae + The Rest)) relationships in Sapindales. Our findings can provide useful information for analyzing phylogeny and molecular evolution within Biebersteiniaceae and Nitrariaceae.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
The chloroplast genomes of the five species showed high similarity in gene order, content and orientation.
- Taxon
- Biebersteiniaceae and NitrariaceaeBiebersteiniaceaeNitrariaceaet0
- Outcome
- High similaritye0
- Qualifier
- gene order, content and orientatione0
Verbatim
t0“Biebersteiniaceae and Nitrariaceae”
e0“High similarity was detected in the gene order, content and orientation of the five chloroplast genomes”
Claim · model-written summary
Thirteen highly variable regions were identified among the five species chloroplast genomes.
- Taxon
- Biebersteiniaceae and NitrariaceaeBiebersteiniaceaeNitrariaceaet0
- Outcome
- highly variable regionse0
- Value
- 13e0
Verbatim
t0“Biebersteiniaceae and Nitrariaceae”
e0“13 highly variable regions were identified among the five species”
Claim · model-written summary
An accelerated substitution rate was found in the protein-coding genes, especially clpP.
- Taxon
- Biebersteiniaceae and NitrariaceaeBiebersteiniaceaeNitrariaceaet0
- Gene
- clpPe0
- Outcome
- substitution ratee0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
Verbatim
t0“Biebersteiniaceae and Nitrariaceae”
e0“An accelerated substitution rate was found in the protein-coding genes, especially clpP”
Claim · model-written summary
ENC, PR2 and neutrality plots together revealed that codon usage bias is affected by mutation and selection.
- Taxon
- Biebersteiniaceae and NitrariaceaeBiebersteiniaceaeNitrariaceaet0
- Outcome
- codon usage biase0
- Qualifier
- affected by mutation and selectione0
Verbatim
t0“Biebersteiniaceae and Nitrariaceae”
e0“together revealed that the codon usage bias is affected by mutation and selection”
Claim · model-written summary
Phylogenetic analysis strongly supported the (Nitrariaceae (Biebersteiniaceae + The Rest)) relationships in Sapindales.
- Taxon
- Biebersteiniaceae and NitrariaceaeBiebersteiniaceaeNitrariaceaet0
- Outcome
- (Nitrariaceae (Biebersteiniaceae + The Rest)) relationshipse0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
t0“Biebersteiniaceae and Nitrariaceae”
e0“The phylogenetic analysis strongly supported (Nitrariaceae (Biebersteiniaceae + The Rest)) relationships in Sapindales”