Abstract
Highlights Later planting and greater site elevation or latitude decreased seasonal growing degree days and cotton yield in Kansas. Higher irrigation capacity (rate) usually increased lint yield, which was probably due to increased early boll load. Strategies for splitting land allocations between high irrigation rates and dryland did not increase production. Cotton may reduce irrigation withdrawals from the Ogallala aquifer, but the Kansas growing season limits production. Abstract . Precipitation in the western Great Plains averages about 450 mm, varying little with latitude and providing 40% to 80% of potential crop evapotranspiration (ETc). Supplemental irrigation is required to fully meet crop water demand, but the Ogallala or High Plains aquifer is essentially non-recharging south of Nebraska. Pumping water from this aquifer draws down water tables, leading to reduced water availability and deficit irrigation to produce an alternate crop such as cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) with a lower peak water demand than corn (Zea mays L.). Our objective was to compare simulated cotton yield response to emergence date, irrigation capacity, and application period at three western Kansas locations (Colby, Tribune, and Garden City) with varying seasonal energy or cumulative growing degree days (CGDD) and compare split center pivot deficit irrigation strategies with a fixed water supply (i.e., where portions of the center pivot land area are managed with different irrigation strategies). We used actual 1961-2000 location weather records with the GOSSYM simulation model to estimate yields of cotton planted into soil at 50% plant-available water for three emergence dates (DOY 145, 152, and 159) and all combinations of irrigation period (0, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks beginning at first square) and capacity (2.5, 3.75, and 5.0 mm d-1). Simulated lint yield and its ratio to ETc, or water use efficiency (WUE), consistently decreased with delayed planting (emergence) as location elevation or latitude increased due to effects on growing season CGDD. Depending on location, simulated cotton lint consistently increased (p = 0.05) for scenarios with increasing irrigation capacity, which promoted greater early season boll load, but not for durations exceeding 4 to 6 weeks, probably because later irrigation and fruiting did not complete maturation during the short growing season. Cotton WUE generally increased, with greater yields resulting from earlier emergence and early high-capacity irrigation. We calculated lower WUE where irrigation promoted vigorous growth with added fruiting forms that delayed maturation and reduced the fraction of open bolls. The irrigation strategy of focusing water at higher capacities on a portion of the center pivot in combination with the dryland balance did not increase net yields significantly at any location because the available seasonal energy limited potential crop growth and yield response to irrigation. However, the overall net lint yield was numerically larger for focused irrigation strategies at the southwest Kansas location (Garden City). Based on lint yields simulated under uniform or split center pivot deficit irrigation, we conclude that cotton is poorly suited as an alternative crop for central western and northwestern Kansas because of limited growing season CGDD. Keywords: Cotton, Crop simulation, Deficit irrigation, Evapotranspiration, Irrigation capacity, Split center pivot irrigation, Water use efficiency, Yield limiting factors.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed emergence decreased simulated lint yield as location elevation or latitude increased.
- Taxon
- Cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- delayed planting (emergence)e0
- Outcome
- lint yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Setting
- location elevation or latitude increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Simulated lint yield and its ratio to ETc, or water use efficiency (WUE), consistently decreased with delayed planting (emergence) as location elevation or latitude increased”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed emergence decreased simulated water use efficiency as elevation or latitude increased.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- delayed planting (emergence)e0
- Outcome
- water use efficiency (WUE)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Setting
- location elevation or latitude increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Simulated lint yield and its ratio to ETc, or water use efficiency (WUE), consistently decreased with delayed planting (emergence) as location elevation or latitude increased”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing irrigation capacity increased simulated cotton lint yield, depending on location.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- increasing irrigation capacitye0
- Outcome
- cotton linte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“simulated cotton lint consistently increased (p = 0.05) for scenarios with increasing irrigation capacity”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation lasting beyond 4 to 6 weeks did not further increase lint yield.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- durations exceeding 4 to 6 weekse0
- Outcome
- cotton linte1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but not for durations exceeding 4 to 6 weeks”
t0“Cotton”
e1“cotton lint”
Claim · model-written summary
Earlier emergence and early high-capacity irrigation generally increased cotton WUE.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- earlier emergence and early high-capacity irrigatione0
- Outcome
- Cotton WUEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton WUE generally increased, with greater yields resulting from earlier emergence and early high-capacity irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Earlier emergence and early high-capacity irrigation produced greater yields.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- earlier emergence and early high-capacity irrigatione0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greater yields resulting from earlier emergence and early high-capacity irrigation”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation-driven vigorous growth and delayed maturation lowered WUE.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- irrigatione0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower WUE where irrigation promoted vigorous growth with added fruiting forms that delayed maturation and reduced the fraction of open bolls”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Concentrating high irrigation rates on part of a pivot did not significantly increase net yield.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- focusing water at higher capacities on a portion of the center pivot in combination with the dryland balancee0
- Outcome
- net yieldse0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“focusing water at higher capacities on a portion of the center pivot in combination with the dryland balance did not increase net yields significantly at any location”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Focused irrigation produced numerically larger net lint yield at Garden City.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- focused irrigation strategiese0
- Outcome
- overall net lint yielde0
- Direction
- largere0
- Setting
- Garden Citye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“overall net lint yield was numerically larger for focused irrigation strategies at the southwest Kansas location (Garden City)”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude cotton is poorly suited as an alternative crop in central western and northwestern Kansas.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Outcome
- poorly suited as an alternative crope0
- Setting
- central western and northwestern Kansase0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cotton is poorly suited as an alternative crop for central western and northwestern Kansas because of limited growing season CGDD”
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