Abstract
Recurrent polyploid formation and weak reproductive barriers between independent polyploid lineages generate intricate species complexes with high diversity and reticulate evolutionary history. Uncovering the evolutionary processes that formed their present-day cytotypic and genetic structure is a challenging task. We studied the species complex of Cardamine pratensis , composed of diploid endemics in the European Mediterranean and diploid-polyploid lineages more widely distributed across Europe, focusing on the poorly understood variation in Central Europe. To elucidate the evolution of Central European populations we analyzed ploidy level and genome size variation, genetic patterns inferred from microsatellite markers and target enrichment of low-copy nuclear genes (Hyb-Seq), and environmental niche differentiation. We observed almost continuous variation in chromosome numbers and genome size in C. pratensis s.str., which is caused by the co-occurrence of euploid and dysploid cytotypes, along with aneuploids, and is likely accompanied by inter-cytotype mating. We inferred that the polyploid cytotypes of C. pratensis s.str. are both of single and multiple, spatially and temporally recurrent origins. The tetraploid Cardamine majovskyi evolved at least twice in different regions by autopolyploidy from diploid Cardamine matthioli . The extensive genome size and genetic variation of Cardamine rivularis reflects differentiation induced by the geographic isolation of disjunct populations, establishment of triploids of different origins, and hybridization with sympatric C . matthioli . Geographically structured genetic lineages identified in the species under study, which are also ecologically divergent, are interpreted as descendants from different source populations in multiple glacial refugia. The postglacial range expansion was accompanied by substantial genetic admixture between the lineages of C . pratensis s.str., which is reflected by diffuse borders in their contact zones. In conclusion, we identified an interplay of diverse processes that have driven the evolution of the species studied, including allopatric and ecological divergence, hybridization, multiple polyploid origins, and genetic reshuffling caused by Pleistocene climate-induced range dynamics.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Chromosome numbers and genome size of C. pratensis s.str. vary almost continuously.
- Taxon
- C. pratensis s.str.
Cardamine pratensise1 - Outcome
- chromosome numbers and genome sizee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We studied the species complex of Cardamine pratensis”
e1“We observed almost continuous variation in chromosome numbers and genome size in C. pratensis s.str., which is caused by the co-occurrence of euploid and dysploid cytotypes, along with aneuploids, and is likely accompanied by inter-cytotype mating”
Claim · model-written summary
The chromosome number and genome size variation of C. pratensis s.str. is caused by co-occurring euploid and dysploid cytotypes along with aneuploids.
- Taxon
- C. pratensis s.str.Cardamine pratensise1
- Outcome
- chromosome numbers and genome sizee1
- Qualifier
- co-occurrence of euploid and dysploid cytotypes, along with aneuploidse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We observed almost continuous variation in chromosome numbers and genome size in C. pratensis s.str., which is caused by the co-occurrence of euploid and dysploid cytotypes, along with aneuploids, and is likely accompanied by inter-cytotype mating”
Claim · model-written summary
Inter-cytotype mating likely accompanies the chromosome and genome size variation of C. pratensis s.str.
- Taxon
- C. pratensis s.str.Cardamine pratensise1
- Outcome
- chromosome numbers and genome sizee1
- Qualifier
- likely accompanied by inter-cytotype matinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We observed almost continuous variation in chromosome numbers and genome size in C. pratensis s.str., which is caused by the co-occurrence of euploid and dysploid cytotypes, along with aneuploids, and is likely accompanied by inter-cytotype mating”
Claim · model-written summary
The polyploid cytotypes of C. pratensis s.str. are of single and multiple, spatially and temporally recurrent origins.
- Taxon
- C. pratensis s.str.Cardamine pratensise2
- Outcome
- single and multiple, spatially and temporally recurrent originse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“We inferred that the polyploid cytotypes of C. pratensis s.str. are both of single and multiple, spatially and temporally recurrent origins”
Claim · model-written summary
The tetraploid Cardamine majovskyi evolved at least twice in different regions by autopolyploidy from diploid C. matthioli.
Verbatim
e3“The tetraploid Cardamine majovskyi evolved at least twice in different regions by autopolyploidy from diploid Cardamine matthioli”
Claim · model-written summary
The extensive genome size and genetic variation of C. rivularis reflect differentiation from geographic isolation, triploids of different origins and hybridization with C. matthioli.
- Taxon
- Cardamine rivularis
-20200416-RM-095356.jpg?width=60)
Cardamine rivularise4 - Interactor
- C . matthioliCardamine matthiolie4other
- Outcome
- extensive genome size and genetic variatione4
- Qualifier
- differentiation induced by the geographic isolation of disjunct populationse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
-20200416-RM-095356.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e4“The extensive genome size and genetic variation of Cardamine rivularis reflects differentiation induced by the geographic isolation of disjunct populations, establishment of triploids of different origins, and hybridization with sympatric C . matthioli”
Claim · model-written summary
Geographically structured genetic lineages of C. pratensis are interpreted as descendants from different source populations in multiple glacial refugia.
- Taxon
- Cardamine pratensisCardamine pratensise0
- Outcome
- Geographically structured genetic lineagese5
- Qualifier
- descendants from different source populations in multiple glacial refugiae5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We studied the species complex of Cardamine pratensis”
e5“Geographically structured genetic lineages identified in the species under study, which are also ecologically divergent, are interpreted as descendants from different source populations in multiple glacial refugia”
Claim · model-written summary
The postglacial range expansion of C. pratensis s.str. was accompanied by substantial genetic admixture between its lineages.
- Taxon
- C . pratensis s.str.Cardamine pratensise6
- Outcome
- substantial genetic admixture between the lineagese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The postglacial range expansion was accompanied by substantial genetic admixture between the lineages of C . pratensis s.str.”
Claim · model-written summary
An interplay of allopatric and ecological divergence, hybridization, multiple polyploid origins and Pleistocene genetic reshuffling drove the evolution of the species studied.
- Taxon
- Cardamine pratensis Polyploid ComplexCardamine pratensist0
- Outcome
- evolution of the species studiede7
- Qualifier
- allopatric and ecological divergence, hybridization, multiple polyploid origins, and genetic reshuffling caused by Pleistocene climate-induced range dynamicse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cardamine pratensis Polyploid Complex”
e7“In conclusion, we identified an interplay of diverse processes that have driven the evolution of the species studied, including allopatric and ecological divergence, hybridization, multiple polyploid origins, and genetic reshuffling caused by Pleistocene climate-induced range dynamics”