Abstract
India is the largest producer of small millets, which are often referred to as coarse cereals. Various biotic variables significantly affect the output and productivity of these small millets and among them, insect pests are major production barriers that cause high crop losses from sowing to crop harvesting. Although the current status of all the pests affecting small millet crops in Uttarakhand is unknown but shoot fly and stem borer have been identified as major pests of small millets in mid hills of Uttarakhand. Major small millets growing areas as well as various trials conducted under AICRP on Small Millets at Ranichauri Centre, VCSG UUHF, Bharsar, Uttarakhand were surveyed at different crop stages in ten different locations during Kharif- 2019 and Kharif- 2020 to ascertain the status of insect fauna associated with the small millets. A total of sixteen species of insect pests damaging small millets from seedling stage to harvesting were reported. During survey, it was found that shoot fly caused infestation during early crop stage while stem borer induced infestation was noticed during the later crop stage. Shoot fly infestation contributed to stunted crop growth and side tillering with dead heart structure with potential to inflict damage up to 36.67 percent in state varieties of barnyard millet when control measures were not intervened at Gaja farm while stem borer infestation produced white ear heads and stem tunneling with maximum infestation of 33.33 percent in finger millet at Gaja farm and 20.00 percent infestation in barnyard millet at Gunogi village. Grasshopper caused infestation was in the range of 13.33 to 26.67 percent and 13.33 to 33.33 percent and aphid infestation ranged between 10.00 to 20.83 percent and 6.67 to 20.00 percent in finger millet and barnyard millet, respectively at different locations. The flea beetle, semilooper, chaffer beetle, sting bug and other pests were also reported in surveyed small millet crops as occasional occurrence. The present study thus contributed in the data available on insect fauna associated with small millets, major insect pests causing damage from seedling to harvesting stage along with average per cent infestation and their respective nature of damage and damaging stage in mid hills of Uttarakhand.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Sixteen insect pest species damaged small millets from seedling to harvest.
Verbatim
t0“small millets”
e0“A total of sixteen species of insect pests damaging small millets from seedling stage to harvesting were reported.”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot fly infested small millets early in crop development.
Verbatim
t0“small millets”
e0“shoot fly caused infestation during early crop stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem borer infestation occurred later in small millet development.
Verbatim
t0“small millets”
e0“stem borer induced infestation was noticed during the later crop stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot fly infestation caused stunting, side tillering and dead hearts.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot fly infestation contributed to stunted crop growth and side tillering with dead heart structure”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot fly damage in state barnyard millet varieties reached 36.67 percent at Gaja farm without control.
Verbatim
e0“damage up to 36.67 percent in state varieties of barnyard millet when control measures were not intervened at Gaja farm”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem borer infestation produced white ears and stem tunneling.
Verbatim
t0“small millets”
e0“stem borer infestation produced white ear heads and stem tunneling”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem borer infestation reached 33.33 percent in finger millet at Gaja farm.
- Taxon
- finger millet
Eleusine coracanae0 - Outcome
- infestatione0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 33.33 percente0
- Setting
- Gaja farme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum infestation of 33.33 percent in finger millet at Gaja farm”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem borer infestation reached 20.00 percent in barnyard millet at Gunogi village.
Verbatim
e0“20.00 percent infestation in barnyard millet at Gunogi village”
Claim · model-written summary
Grasshopper infestation in finger millet ranged from 13.33 to 26.67 percent.
- Taxon
- finger milletEleusine coracanae0
- Interactor
- Grasshoppere0pest
- Outcome
- Grasshopper caused infestatione0
- Value
- 13.33 to 26.67 percente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grasshopper caused infestation was in the range of 13.33 to 26.67 percent and 13.33 to 33.33 percent and aphid infestation ranged between 10.00 to 20.83 percent and 6.67 to 20.00 percent in finger millet and barnyard millet, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Grasshopper infestation in barnyard millet ranged from 13.33 to 33.33 percent.
Verbatim
e0“Grasshopper caused infestation was in the range of 13.33 to 26.67 percent and 13.33 to 33.33 percent and aphid infestation ranged between 10.00 to 20.83 percent and 6.67 to 20.00 percent in finger millet and barnyard millet, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Aphid infestation in finger millet ranged from 10.00 to 20.83 percent.
- Taxon
- finger milletEleusine coracanae0
- Interactor
- aphide0pest
- Outcome
- aphid infestatione0
- Value
- 10.00 to 20.83 percente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“aphid infestation ranged between 10.00 to 20.83 percent and 6.67 to 20.00 percent in finger millet and barnyard millet, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Aphid infestation in barnyard millet ranged from 6.67 to 20.00 percent.
Verbatim
e0“aphid infestation ranged between 10.00 to 20.83 percent and 6.67 to 20.00 percent in finger millet and barnyard millet, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Flea beetle, semilooper and chaffer beetle occurred occasionally in surveyed small millet crops.
Not reportedInteractor
Verbatim
e0“The flea beetle, semilooper, chaffer beetle, sting bug and other pests were also reported in surveyed small millet crops as occasional occurrence.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sting bug and other pests occurred occasionally in surveyed small millet crops.
Verbatim
e0“The flea beetle, semilooper, chaffer beetle, sting bug and other pests were also reported in surveyed small millet crops as occasional occurrence.”