Abstract
Conventional tillage (CT) with excessive soil disturbance and crop residue removal in rice (Oryza sativa L.) – wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) sequence has been witnessed as an unsustainable practice in rice based cropping system. Climate resilient agro-techniques consisting with principles of risk mitigation and adaptation for sustainable agriculture such as zero tillage (ZT) is being adopted in south Asian countries. However, long–term impact of sequential ZT + residues addition in crop rotation after puddled rice (CT–ZT + R) on soil enzymes activity and soil quality index (SQI) are not adequately addressed. Experiment was conducted in split-plot design having four crop establishment techniques: (i) CT in each crop of rotation without residue (CT–CT), (ii) CT in each crop with incorporated residue (CT–CT + R), (iii) CT rice – ZT in post–rainy season crops without residue (CT–ZT), (iv) CT rice – ZT in post–rainy season crops with surface residue mulch (CT–ZT + R) each with three levels of crop rotations: (i) rice–wheat (R–W), (ii) rice–chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (R–C) and (iii) rice–chickpea–mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) (R–C–Mb). CT–ZT + R enhanced 25% soil organic carbon (SOC) and 45% microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) over CT–CT (P < 0.05). Further, CT–ZT + R increased SMBC/SOC ratio by 31.4 and 16.7% (P < 0.05) over CT–CT, respectively. For SOC, SMBC and SMBC/SOC ratio, an order of R–C–Mb > R–C > R–W (P < 0.05) was observed. CT–ZT + R increased (P < 0.05) fluorescein diacetate activity by 17–31%, alkaline phosphatase by 4–25% and acid phosphatase by 16–31% over CT–CT + R and CT–CT. ZT in post–rainy season (CT–ZT + R) resulted in 21–37% higher β-glucosidase and 25–31% protease activity than those of continuous CT. The interaction revealed that CT–ZT + R under R–C–Mb and R–C rotations increased (P < 0.05) 26% and 10% rice grain yield compared with CT–CT x R–W system, respectively. The SMBC had higher share (86–90%) towards SQI values followed by fluorescein diacetate (10–14%) and emerged as soil quality indicators in long–run. CT–ZT + R and CT–ZT increased 40% SQI values compared with CT–CT. Besides, R–C–Mb and R–C rotations had 13–35% higher SQI over R–W (P < 0.05). Thus, elimination of intensive tillage at least in post–rainy seasons after puddled rice with crop residues retention and cropping intensification with grain legumes can bring about higher rice productivity and soil quality in rice based ecologies.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
CT–ZT with residue enhanced soil organic carbon by 25% over CT–CT.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- CT–ZT + Re1
- Outcome
- soil organic carbone1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 25%e1
- Comparator
- CT–CTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conventional tillage (CT) with excessive soil disturbance and crop residue removal in rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e1“CT–ZT + R enhanced 25% soil organic carbon (SOC) and 45% microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) over CT–CT (P < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
CT–ZT with residue enhanced microbial biomass carbon by 45% over CT–CT.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- CT–ZT + Re1
- Outcome
- microbial biomass carbone1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 45%e1
- Comparator
- CT–CTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conventional tillage (CT) with excessive soil disturbance and crop residue removal in rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e1“CT–ZT + R enhanced 25% soil organic carbon (SOC) and 45% microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) over CT–CT (P < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
CT–ZT with residue increased the SMBC/SOC ratio by 31.4 and 16.7% over CT–CT.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- CT–ZT + Re2
- Outcome
- SMBC/SOC ratioe2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 31.4 and 16.7%e2
- Qualifier
- respectivelye2
- Comparator
- CT–CTe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conventional tillage (CT) with excessive soil disturbance and crop residue removal in rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e2“Further, CT–ZT + R increased SMBC/SOC ratio by 31.4 and 16.7% (P < 0.05) over CT–CT, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
CT–ZT with residue increased fluorescein diacetate activity by 17–31% over CT–CT with residue and CT–CT.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- CT–ZT + Re3
- Outcome
- fluorescein diacetate activitye3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 17–31%e3
- Comparator
- CT–CT + R and CT–CTe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conventional tillage (CT) with excessive soil disturbance and crop residue removal in rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e3“CT–ZT + R increased (P < 0.05) fluorescein diacetate activity by 17–31%, alkaline phosphatase by 4–25% and acid phosphatase by 16–31% over CT–CT + R and CT–CT”
Claim · model-written summary
CT–ZT with residue increased alkaline phosphatase activity by 4–25% over CT–CT with residue and CT–CT.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- CT–ZT + Re3
- Outcome
- alkaline phosphatasee3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 4–25%e3
- Comparator
- CT–CT + R and CT–CTe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conventional tillage (CT) with excessive soil disturbance and crop residue removal in rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e3“CT–ZT + R increased (P < 0.05) fluorescein diacetate activity by 17–31%, alkaline phosphatase by 4–25% and acid phosphatase by 16–31% over CT–CT + R and CT–CT”
Claim · model-written summary
CT–ZT with residue increased acid phosphatase activity by 16–31% over CT–CT with residue and CT–CT.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- CT–ZT + Re3
- Outcome
- acid phosphatasee3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 16–31%e3
- Comparator
- CT–CT + R and CT–CTe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conventional tillage (CT) with excessive soil disturbance and crop residue removal in rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e3“CT–ZT + R increased (P < 0.05) fluorescein diacetate activity by 17–31%, alkaline phosphatase by 4–25% and acid phosphatase by 16–31% over CT–CT + R and CT–CT”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero tillage in the post-rainy season with residue increased β-glucosidase activity by 21–37% over continuous tillage.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ZT in post–rainy season (CT–ZT + R)e5
- Outcome
- β-glucosidasee5
- Direction
- highere5
- Value
- 21–37%e5
- Comparator
- continuous CTe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conventional tillage (CT) with excessive soil disturbance and crop residue removal in rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e5“ZT in post–rainy season (CT–ZT + R) resulted in 21–37% higher β-glucosidase and 25–31% protease activity than those of continuous CT”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero tillage in the post-rainy season with residue increased protease activity by 25–31% over continuous tillage.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ZT in post–rainy season (CT–ZT + R)e5
- Outcome
- protease activitye5
- Direction
- higherinferrede5
- Value
- 25–31%e5
- Comparator
- continuous CTe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conventional tillage (CT) with excessive soil disturbance and crop residue removal in rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e5“ZT in post–rainy season (CT–ZT + R) resulted in 21–37% higher β-glucosidase and 25–31% protease activity than those of continuous CT”
Claim · model-written summary
CT–ZT with residue under the R–C–Mb rotation increased rice grain yield by 26% over CT–CT under R–W.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- CT–ZT + R under R–C–Mbe6
- Outcome
- rice grain yielde6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 26%e6
- Comparator
- CT–CT x R–W systeme6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conventional tillage (CT) with excessive soil disturbance and crop residue removal in rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e6“The interaction revealed that CT–ZT + R under R–C–Mb and R–C rotations increased (P < 0.05) 26% and 10% rice grain yield compared with CT–CT x R–W system, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
CT–ZT with residue under the R–C rotation increased rice grain yield by 10% over CT–CT under R–W.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- CT–ZT + R under R–Ce6
- Outcome
- rice grain yielde6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 10%e6
- Comparator
- CT–CT x R–W systeme6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conventional tillage (CT) with excessive soil disturbance and crop residue removal in rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e6“The interaction revealed that CT–ZT + R under R–C–Mb and R–C rotations increased (P < 0.05) 26% and 10% rice grain yield compared with CT–CT x R–W system, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
CT–ZT and CT–ZT with residue increased soil quality index by 40% over CT–CT.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- CT–ZT + R and CT–ZTe7
- Outcome
- SQI valuese7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- 40%e7
- Comparator
- CT–CTe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conventional tillage (CT) with excessive soil disturbance and crop residue removal in rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e7“CT–ZT + R and CT–ZT increased 40% SQI values compared with CT–CT”
Claim · model-written summary
R–C–Mb and R–C rotations increased soil quality index by 13–35% over R–W.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- R–C–Mb and R–C rotationse1
- Outcome
- SQIe1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 13–35%e1
- Comparator
- R–We1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conventional tillage (CT) with excessive soil disturbance and crop residue removal in rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e1“R–C–Mb and R–C rotations had 13–35% higher SQI over R–W”
Claim · model-written summary
SMBC had the largest share, 86–90%, of the soil quality index values.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- SQI valuese1
- Value
- 86–90%e1
- Qualifier
- SMBCe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conventional tillage (CT) with excessive soil disturbance and crop residue removal in rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e1“The SMBC had higher share (86–90%) towards SQI values followed by fluorescein diacetate (10–14%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Eliminating intensive tillage after puddled rice with residue retention and legume intensification is recommended for higher rice productivity and soil quality.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- higher rice productivity and soil qualitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Thus, elimination of intensive tillage at least in post–rainy seasons after puddled rice with crop residues retention and cropping intensification with grain legumes can bring about higher rice productivity and soil quality in rice based ecologies”