Abstract
Waltheria indica L. is a kind of medicinal plants belonging to the family of Sterculiaceae distributed in China, which extracts with many active compounds used for treatment of rheumatism and sore pains (Hua et al., 2019). During September to November 2020, the plants showing abnormal symptoms including floral virescence, leaf chlorosis and leaflet, as shown in Fig.1, were found in Dingan county of Hainan province, China, with about 70% incidence. The disease symptoms which were suspected to be infected by the phytoplasma, a phloem-limited cell-wall-less prokaryotic pathogen could not be cultured in vitro, severely impacted Waltheria indica growth resulting in financial loss and ecological damage in the location. For identification of the causal pathogen, the total DNA of symptom or symptomless Waltheria indica samples were extracted using 0.10 g fresh plant tissues using CTAB method. PCR reactions were performed using primers R16mF2/R16mR1 (Lee et al., 1993) and AYgroelF/AYgroelR (Mitrović et al., 2011) specific for phytoplasma 16S rRNA and groEL gene fragments. The target productions of the two gene fragments of phytoplasma were detected in the DNA from four symptomatic plant samples whereas not in the DNA from the symptomless plant samples. The PCR productions were sequenced and the data were deposited in GenBank. The two gene fragments of the DNA extracted from the symptom plant samples were all identical, with the length of 1340 bp 16S rRNA (GenBank accession: MW353909) and 1312 bp groEL (MW353709) gene sequence fragments, putatively encoding 437 (groEL) amino acids sequence. The phytoplasma strain was named as Waltheria indica virescence (WiV) phytoplasma, WiV-hnda strain. A Blast search based on the 16S rRNA gene fragment of WiV-hnda phytoplasma strain revealed the highest level of sequence identities (99.85%) with that of 16SrI aster yellows group members (16SrI-B subgroup), such as Onion yellows phytoplasma strain OY-M (AP006628) from Japan (Oshima et al., 2004); Periwinkle virescence phytoplasma strain PeV-hnhk (KP662136), Chinaberry witches'-broom phytoplasma strain CWB-hnsy1 (KP662119) and CWB-hnsy2 (KP662120), all the strains from Hainan island of China (Yu et al., 2017). A Blast search based on the groEL gene sequence fragment of WiV-hnda indicated 99.92% sequence identity with that of 16SrI aster yellows group members (16SrI-B subgroup) such as Onion yellows phytoplasma strain OY-M (AP006628). Homology and phylogenetic analysis by DNAMAN 5.0 and MEGA 7.0 software indicated that the phytoplasma strains of WiV-hnda, OY-M, PeV-hnhk, CWB-hnsy1 and CWB-hnsy2 were clustered into one clade based on the 16S rRNA gene fragments. WiV-hnda, OY-M and Aster yellow witches'-broom (AYWB) (CP000061) phytoplasma strains were clustered into one clade based on the groEL gene fragments. To our knowledge, this was the first time that Waltheria indica virescence disease induced by 16SrI-B subgroup phytoplasma strain was reported in China. Genetic analysis showed that WiV-hnda was closely related to the phytoplasma strains causing Onion yellows in Japan, Periwinkle virescence and Chinaberry witches'-broom disease in China.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
About 70% of Waltheria indica plants showed floral virescence and leaf symptoms in Dingan county.
- Taxon
- Waltheria indica
Waltheria indicat0 - Interactor
- phytoplasma
Candidatus Phytoplasmae1pathogent0 - Outcome
- incidencee0
- Value
- about 70%e0
- Setting
- Dingan county of Hainan province, Chinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants showing abnormal symptoms including floral virescence, leaf chlorosis and leaflet, as shown in Fig.1, were found in Dingan county of Hainan province, China, with about 70% incidence.”
t0“Waltheria indica”
t1“Waltheria indica”
e1“Phytoplasma”
Claim · model-written summary
Both phytoplasma target fragments were detected in symptomatic but not symptomless plants.
- Taxon
- Waltheria indicaWaltheria indicat0
- Interactor
- phytoplasmaCandidatus Phytoplasmae0pathogen
- Outcome
- two gene fragments of phytoplasmae0
- Comparator
- symptomless plant samplese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“target productions of the two gene fragments of phytoplasma were detected in the DNA from four symptomatic plant samples whereas not in the DNA from the symptomless plant samples.”
t0“Waltheria indica”
t1“Waltheria indica”
Claim · model-written summary
Symptomatic samples yielded identical 1340 bp 16S rRNA fragments.
- Taxon
- Waltheria indicaWaltheria indicat0
- Interactor
- phytoplasmaCandidatus Phytoplasmae1pathogent1
- Outcome
- 16S rRNAe0
- Value
- 1340 bpe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all identical, with the length of 1340 bp 16S rRNA (GenBank accession: MW353909) and 1312 bp groEL (MW353709) gene sequence fragments”
t0“Waltheria indica”
t1“Waltheria indica”
e1“Phytoplasma”
Claim · model-written summary
Symptomatic samples yielded identical 1312 bp groEL fragments.
- Taxon
- Waltheria indicaWaltheria indicat0
- Interactor
- phytoplasmaCandidatus Phytoplasmae1pathogent1
- Outcome
- groELe0
- Value
- 1312 bpe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all identical, with the length of 1340 bp 16S rRNA (GenBank accession: MW353909) and 1312 bp groEL (MW353709) gene sequence fragments”
t0“Waltheria indica”
t1“Waltheria indica”
e1“Phytoplasma”
Claim · model-written summary
The phytoplasma 16S rRNA fragment had 99.85% identity with 16SrI-B members.
- Taxon
- Waltheria indicaWaltheria indicat0
- Interactor
- phytoplasmaCandidatus Phytoplasmae1pathogent1
- Outcome
- sequence identitiese0
- Value
- 99.85%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest level of sequence identities (99.85%) with that of 16SrI aster yellows group members (16SrI-B subgroup)”
t0“Waltheria indica”
t1“Waltheria indica”
e1“Phytoplasma”
Claim · model-written summary
The phytoplasma groEL fragment had 99.92% identity with 16SrI-B members.
- Taxon
- Waltheria indicaWaltheria indicat0
- Interactor
- phytoplasmaCandidatus Phytoplasmae1pathogent1
- Outcome
- sequence identitye0
- Value
- 99.92%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“99.92% sequence identity with that of 16SrI aster yellows group members (16SrI-B subgroup)”
t0“Waltheria indica”
t1“Waltheria indica”
e1“Phytoplasma”
Claim · model-written summary
WiV-hnda clustered with OY-M, PeV-hnhk and CWB strains using 16S rRNA.
- Taxon
- Waltheria indicaWaltheria indicat0
- Interactor
- phytoplasmaCandidatus Phytoplasmae1pathogent1
- Outcome
- clustered into one cladee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WiV-hnda, OY-M, PeV-hnhk, CWB-hnsy1 and CWB-hnsy2 were clustered into one clade based on the 16S rRNA gene fragments.”
t0“Waltheria indica”
t1“Waltheria indica”
e1“Phytoplasma”
Claim · model-written summary
WiV-hnda clustered with OY-M and AYWB using groEL.
- Taxon
- Waltheria indicaWaltheria indicat0
- Interactor
- phytoplasmaCandidatus Phytoplasmae0pathogen
- Outcome
- clustered into one cladee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WiV-hnda, OY-M and Aster yellow witches'-broom (AYWB) (CP000061) phytoplasma strains were clustered into one clade based on the groEL gene fragments.”
t0“Waltheria indica”
t1“Waltheria indica”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors report the first Waltheria indica virescence disease caused by a 16SrI-B phytoplasma strain in China.
- Taxon
- Waltheria indicaWaltheria indicae0
- Interactor
- phytoplasmaCandidatus Phytoplasmae0pathogen
- Outcome
- virescence diseasee0
- Setting
- Chinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“first time that Waltheria indica virescence disease induced by 16SrI-B subgroup phytoplasma strain was reported in China.”