Abstract
Abstract The eucalyptus weevil, Gonipterus spp. Schoenherr, 1833 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) is considered a major pest of eucalyptus plantations. In regions where control is achieved, success is usually brought by the action of the solitary egg parasitoid Anaphes nitens (Girault, 1928) (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae). Research was conducted to ascertain which cues might mediate female wasp host location and selection. In Petri dish arenas, females were attracted to Gonipterus platensis Marelli, 1927 egg capsules, to G. platensis mated female faeces and to leaves of Eucalyptus globulus Labillardière, 1799. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry electroantennographic detection analysis was conducted using extracts obtained from leaves of E. globulus , from G. platensis egg capsules, as well as from adults of both sexes and their faeces, in order to detect and identify compounds perceived by the wasp's olfactory system. The parasitoids were shown to detect a wide range of compounds emitted by each one of these sources, and for 31 compounds, antennal response was confirmed by dose‐response tests. Further behavioural trials were conducted in Petri dishes in order to decode the effect, on parasitoid behaviour, of selected compounds emitted by E. globulus and of the pheromones, emitted by the weevils on parasitoid behaviour. Attraction was observed to two compounds emitted by E. globulus , namely 1,8‐cineole and γ ‐terpinene, and to the main component of the male sex/aggregation pheromone, cis ‐verbenol. To our knowledge, this is the first report of attraction of a parasitoid from the family Mymaridae to a component of its host's sexual/aggregation pheromone. Similarly, to other egg parasitoid species, A. nitens females are likely to use the host plant volatiles as long‐range host location cues and to adopt the ‘infochemical detour’ strategy in order to get in the vicinity of their hosts.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Anaphes nitens females were attracted to Gonipterus platensis egg capsules.
- Taxon
- Eucalyptus globulus
Eucalyptus globuluse0 - Interactor
- Anaphes nitensAnaphes nitense1biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- Gonipterus platensis Marelli, 1927
Gonipterus platensise0pest - Outcome
- attractede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Petri dish arenas, females were attracted to Gonipterus platensis Marelli, 1927 egg capsules, to G. platensis mated female faeces and to leaves of Eucalyptus globulus”
e1“the solitary egg parasitoid Anaphes nitens (Girault, 1928)”
Claim · model-written summary
Anaphes nitens females were attracted to G. platensis mated female faeces.
- Taxon
- Eucalyptus globulusEucalyptus globuluse0
- Interactor
- Anaphes nitensAnaphes nitense1biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- G. platensisGonipterus platensise0pest
- Outcome
- attractede0
- Qualifier
- mated female faecese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Petri dish arenas, females were attracted to Gonipterus platensis Marelli, 1927 egg capsules, to G. platensis mated female faeces and to leaves of Eucalyptus globulus”
e1“the solitary egg parasitoid Anaphes nitens (Girault, 1928)”
Claim · model-written summary
Anaphes nitens females were attracted to leaves of Eucalyptus globulus.
- Taxon
- Eucalyptus globulusEucalyptus globuluse0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Interactor
- Anaphes nitensAnaphes nitense1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- attractede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Petri dish arenas, females were attracted to Gonipterus platensis Marelli, 1927 egg capsules, to G. platensis mated female faeces and to leaves of Eucalyptus globulus”
e1“the solitary egg parasitoid Anaphes nitens (Girault, 1928)”
Claim · model-written summary
Anaphes nitens females showed antennal response to 31 compounds in dose-response tests.
- Taxon
- Eucalyptus globulusEucalyptus globuluse0
- Interactor
- Anaphes nitensAnaphes nitense1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- antennal responsee3
- Value
- 31 compoundse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Petri dish arenas, females were attracted to Gonipterus platensis Marelli, 1927 egg capsules, to G. platensis mated female faeces and to leaves of Eucalyptus globulus”
e1“the solitary egg parasitoid Anaphes nitens (Girault, 1928)”
e3“for 31 compounds, antennal response was confirmed by dose‐response tests”
Claim · model-written summary
The parasitoids detected a wide range of compounds emitted by Eucalyptus globulus leaves, Gonipterus egg capsules and adults and faeces.
- Taxon
- Eucalyptus globulusEucalyptus globuluse0
- Interactor
- Anaphes nitensAnaphes nitense1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- detect a wide range of compoundse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Petri dish arenas, females were attracted to Gonipterus platensis Marelli, 1927 egg capsules, to G. platensis mated female faeces and to leaves of Eucalyptus globulus”
e1“the solitary egg parasitoid Anaphes nitens (Girault, 1928)”
e2“The parasitoids were shown to detect a wide range of compounds emitted by each one of these sources”
Claim · model-written summary
Attraction was observed to 1,8-cineole emitted by Eucalyptus globulus.
- Taxon
- E. globulusEucalyptus globuluse4
- Compound
- 1,8‐cineolee4
- Outcome
- Attractione4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Attraction was observed to two compounds emitted by E. globulus, namely 1,8‐cineole and γ ‐terpinene, and to the main component of the male sex/aggregation pheromone, cis ‐verbenol”
Claim · model-written summary
Attraction was observed to γ-terpinene emitted by Eucalyptus globulus.
- Taxon
- E. globulusEucalyptus globuluse4
- Compound
- γ ‐terpinenee4
- Outcome
- Attractione4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Attraction was observed to two compounds emitted by E. globulus, namely 1,8‐cineole and γ ‐terpinene, and to the main component of the male sex/aggregation pheromone, cis ‐verbenol”
Claim · model-written summary
Attraction was observed to cis-verbenol, the main component of the male sex/aggregation pheromone.
- Taxon
- E. globulusEucalyptus globuluse4
- Compound
- cis ‐verbenole4
- Outcome
- Attractione4
- Qualifier
- main component of the male sex/aggregation pheromonee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Attraction was observed to two compounds emitted by E. globulus, namely 1,8‐cineole and γ ‐terpinene, and to the main component of the male sex/aggregation pheromone, cis ‐verbenol”
Claim · model-written summary
This is the first report of attraction of a Mymaridae parasitoid to a component of its host pheromone.
- Taxon
- Eucalyptus globulusEucalyptus globuluse0
- Interactor
- a parasitoid from the family Mymaridaee5biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- first report of attractione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Petri dish arenas, females were attracted to Gonipterus platensis Marelli, 1927 egg capsules, to G. platensis mated female faeces and to leaves of Eucalyptus globulus”
e5“To our knowledge, this is the first report of attraction of a parasitoid from the family Mymaridae to a component of its host's sexual/aggregation pheromone”
Claim · model-written summary
Anaphes nitens females are likely to use host plant volatiles as long-range host location cues.
- Taxon
- Eucalyptus globulusEucalyptus globuluse0
- Interactor
- A. nitensAnaphes nitense6biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- host locatione6
- Qualifier
- use the host plant volatiles as long‐range host location cuese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Petri dish arenas, females were attracted to Gonipterus platensis Marelli, 1927 egg capsules, to G. platensis mated female faeces and to leaves of Eucalyptus globulus”
e6“A. nitens females are likely to use the host plant volatiles as long‐range host location cues”