Abstract
Aflatoxins are potent Aspergillus mycotoxins that contaminate food and feed, thereby impacting health and trade. Biopesticides with atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus isolates as active ingredients are used to reduce aflatoxin contamination in crops. The mechanism of aflatoxin biocontrol is primarily attributed to competitive exclusion but, sometimes, aflatoxin is reduced by greater amounts than can be explained by displacement of aflatoxin-producing fungi on the crop. Objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the ability of atoxigenic A. flavus genotypes to degrade aflatoxin B 1 (AFB1) and (ii) characterize impacts of temperature, time, and nutrient availability on AFB1 degradation by atoxigenic A. flavus. Aflatoxin-contaminated maize was inoculated with atoxigenic isolates in three separate experiments that included different atoxigenic genotypes, temperature, and time as variables. Atoxigenic genotypes varied in aflatoxin degradation but all degraded AFB1 >44% after 7 days at 30°C. The optimum temperature for AFB1 degradation was 25 to 30°C, which is similar to the optimum range for AFB1 production. In a time-course experiment, atoxigenics degraded 40% of AFB1 within 3 days, and 80% of aflatoxin was degraded by day 21. Atoxigenic isolates were able to degrade and utilize AFB1 as a sole carbon source in a chemically defined medium but quantities of AFB1 degraded declined as glucose concentrations increased. Degradation may be an additional mechanism through which atoxigenic A. flavus biocontrol products reduce aflatoxin contamination pre- or postharvest. Thus, selection of optimal atoxigenic active ingredients can include assessment of both competitive ability in agricultural fields and their ability to degrade aflatoxins.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Atoxigenic A. flavus genotypes varied in aflatoxin degradation.
- Taxon
- Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus flavust0 - Outcome
- aflatoxin degradatione0
- Qualifier
- variede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus”
e0“Atoxigenic genotypes varied in aflatoxin degradation”
Claim · model-written summary
All atoxigenic genotypes degraded more than 44% of AFB1 after 7 days at 30°C in aflatoxin-contaminated maize.
- Taxon
- Aspergillus flavusAspergillus flavust0
- Outcome
- degraded AFB1e0
- Value
- >44%e0
- Qualifier
- after 7 days at 30°Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus”
e0“all degraded AFB1 >44% after 7 days at 30°C”
Claim · model-written summary
The optimum temperature for AFB1 degradation was 25 to 30°C, similar to the optimum range for AFB1 production.
- Taxon
- Aspergillus flavusAspergillus flavust0
- Outcome
- optimum temperature for AFB1 degradatione0
- Value
- 25 to 30°Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus”
e0“The optimum temperature for AFB1 degradation was 25 to 30°C”
Claim · model-written summary
In a time-course experiment, atoxigenics degraded 40% of AFB1 within 3 days.
- Taxon
- Aspergillus flavusAspergillus flavust0
- Outcome
- degraded 40% of AFB1e0
- Value
- 40%e0
- Qualifier
- within 3 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus”
e0“atoxigenics degraded 40% of AFB1 within 3 days”
Claim · model-written summary
80% of aflatoxin had been degraded by day 21 in the time-course experiment.
- Taxon
- Aspergillus flavusAspergillus flavust0
- Outcome
- aflatoxin was degradede0
- Value
- 80%e0
- Qualifier
- by day 21e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus”
e0“80% of aflatoxin was degraded by day 21”
Claim · model-written summary
Atoxigenic isolates degraded AFB1 and used it as a sole carbon source in a chemically defined medium.
- Taxon
- Aspergillus flavusAspergillus flavust0
- Outcome
- degrade and utilize AFB1 as a sole carbon sourcee0
- Setting
- chemically defined mediume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus”
e0“Atoxigenic isolates were able to degrade and utilize AFB1 as a sole carbon source in a chemically defined medium”
Claim · model-written summary
The quantity of AFB1 degraded declined as glucose concentration increased.
- Taxon
- Aspergillus flavusAspergillus flavust0
- Treatment
- glucose concentrationse0
- Outcome
- quantities of AFB1 degradede0
- Direction
- declinede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus”
e0“quantities of AFB1 degraded declined as glucose concentrations increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Degradation may be an additional mechanism by which atoxigenic A. flavus biocontrol products reduce aflatoxin contamination pre- or postharvest.
- Taxon
- A. flavusAspergillus flavuse0
- Outcome
- reduce aflatoxin contaminatione0
- Qualifier
- Degradation may be an additional mechanisme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Degradation may be an additional mechanism through which atoxigenic A. flavus biocontrol products reduce aflatoxin contamination pre- or postharvest”
Claim · model-written summary
Selection of atoxigenic active ingredients can include assessing both competitive ability in fields and ability to degrade aflatoxins.
- Taxon
- Aspergillus flavusAspergillus flavust0
- Outcome
- assessment of both competitive ability in agricultural fields and their ability to degrade aflatoxinse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus”
e0“selection of optimal atoxigenic active ingredients can include assessment of both competitive ability in agricultural fields and their ability to degrade aflatoxins”