Abstract
Striga asiatica L. is a parasitic weed in cereal crops including maize leading to tremendous yield losses up to 100% under severe infestation. The available S. asiatica control methods include cultural control options such as uprooting and burning the Striga plants before they flower, field sanitation, crop rotation, intercropping, organic matter usage, improved fallows, and application of herbicides. Resource limitation among smallholder farmers renders almost all of the control methods impossible. Development and use of Striga resistant genotypes are seen as the most feasible management option. Marker identification formulates tools that are faster, cheaper, and easier to utilise in breeding for S. asiatica resistance which has low heritability. The objective of this study was to identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for Striga resistance using the genome-wide association study (GWAS). Genotyping by sequencing was done on tropical maize inbred lines followed by their evaluation for Striga resistance. Analysis of variance showed significant ( <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"> <a:mi>p</a:mi> <a:mo><</a:mo> <a:mn>0.05</a:mn> </a:math> ) variation among evaluated genotypes for Striga resistance traits such as germination distance, germination percentage, haustoria root attachments, total Striga plants emerged, total biomass, and growth rate. There were also significant differences ( <c:math xmlns:c="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"> <c:mi>p</c:mi> <c:mo><</c:mo> <c:mn>0.05</c:mn> </c:math> ) for cobs, leaves, stems, and roots weight. The broad sense heritability was fairly high (up to 61%) for most traits. The means for derived traits on stress tolerance indices were subjected to a <e:math xmlns:e="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"> <e:mi>t</e:mi> </e:math> -test, and significant differences ( <g:math xmlns:g="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4"> <g:mi>p</g:mi> <g:mo><</g:mo> <g:mn>0.05</g:mn> </g:math> ) were found for leaves, stem, roots, shoots, and total biomass. The Manhattan plots from GWAS showed the presence of three SNP markers on chromosome numbers 5, 6, and 7 for total Striga plants emerged. The identified markers for resistance to S. asiatica should be validated and utilised to breed for Striga resistance in tropical maize.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Analysis of variance showed significant variation among tropical maize genotypes for the Striga resistance traits germination distance, germination percentage and haustoria root attachments.
- Taxon
- tropical maizee1
- Interactor
- Striga asiatica
Striga asiaticat0parasite - Outcome
- germination distance, germination percentage, haustoria root attachmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“variation among evaluated genotypes for Striga resistance traits such as germination distance, germination percentage, haustoria root attachments”
e1“tropical maize inbred lines”
t0“Striga asiatica”
Claim · model-written summary
Analysis of variance showed significant variation among tropical maize genotypes for total Striga plants emerged, total biomass and growth rate.
- Taxon
- tropical maizee1
- Interactor
- Striga asiaticaStriga asiaticat0parasite
- Outcome
- total Striga plants emerged, total biomass, and growth ratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total Striga plants emerged, total biomass, and growth rate”
e1“tropical maize inbred lines”
t0“Striga asiatica”
Claim · model-written summary
There were significant differences among tropical maize genotypes for weight of cobs, leaves and stems.
- Taxon
- tropical maizee1
- Interactor
- Striga asiaticaStriga asiaticat0parasite
- Outcome
- cobs, leaves, stemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for cobs, leaves, stems, and roots weight”
e1“tropical maize inbred lines”
t0“Striga asiatica”
Claim · model-written summary
There were significant differences among tropical maize genotypes for roots weight.
- Taxon
- tropical maizee1
- Interactor
- Striga asiaticaStriga asiaticat0parasite
- Outcome
- roots weighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for cobs, leaves, stems, and roots weight”
e1“tropical maize inbred lines”
t0“Striga asiatica”
Claim · model-written summary
Broad sense heritability was fairly high, up to 61%, for most Striga resistance traits.
- Taxon
- tropical maizee1
- Interactor
- Striga asiaticaStriga asiaticat0parasite
- Outcome
- broad sense heritabilitye0
- Value
- up to 61%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The broad sense heritability was fairly high (up to 61%) for most traits”
e1“tropical maize inbred lines”
t0“Striga asiatica”
Claim · model-written summary
A t-test on stress tolerance indices found significant differences for leaves, stem and roots.
- Taxon
- tropical maizee1
- Interactor
- Striga asiaticaStriga asiaticat0parasite
- Outcome
- leaves, stem, rootse0
- Qualifier
- stress tolerance indicese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were found for leaves, stem, roots, shoots, and total biomass”
e2“derived traits on stress tolerance indices”
e1“tropical maize inbred lines”
t0“Striga asiatica”
Claim · model-written summary
A t-test on stress tolerance indices found significant differences for shoots and total biomass.
- Taxon
- tropical maizee1
- Interactor
- Striga asiaticaStriga asiaticat0parasite
- Outcome
- shoots, and total biomasse0
- Qualifier
- stress tolerance indicese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were found for leaves, stem, roots, shoots, and total biomass”
e2“derived traits on stress tolerance indices”
e1“tropical maize inbred lines”
t0“Striga asiatica”
Claim · model-written summary
GWAS Manhattan plots showed three SNP markers on chromosomes 5, 6 and 7 associated with total Striga plants emerged in tropical maize.
- Interactor
- Striga asiaticaStriga asiaticat0parasite
- Outcome
- three SNP markers on chromosome numbers 5, 6, and 7 for total Striga plants emergede0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Manhattan plots from GWAS showed the presence of three SNP markers on chromosome numbers 5, 6, and 7 for total Striga plants emerged”
t1“Tropical Maize”
t0“Striga asiatica”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend that the identified markers for S. asiatica resistance be validated and used to breed for Striga resistance in tropical maize.
Verbatim
e0“The identified markers for resistance to S. asiatica should be validated and utilised to breed for Striga resistance in tropical maize”