Abstract
Statement of the Problem: Maize (Zea mays L.), is a major grain crop in Hungary, cultivated on approximately one million hectares. Besides being an excellent feed source, maize is also a cheap source of energy and raw material for industry. Annual production over the last decade ranged from 4.8 to 9.3 million tons, with significant fluctuation in yield. Optimizing and sustaining yield requires proper harmonization of the agroecological, biological and agrotechnical factors. This research is therefore aimed at identifying the best combination of tillage systems and fertilizer dosage which will optimize the yield of maize hybrids. The effect of three tillage systems (Moldboard plowing-MT, Strip tillage-ST, Rip tillage-RT) and three levels of fertilizer treatments (N0 kg ha-1, N80 kg ha-1, N160 kg ha-1) on the yield of maize hybrids (Armagnac- FAO 490 & Loupiac-FAO 380) were evaluated over a two-year period (2015-2016). The findings revealed RT produced the highest yield of 10.37 t ha-1, followed by MT and ST with 10.22 and 9.60 t ha-1 respectively. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in yield between the RT and MT treatments. However, both the RT and MT were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05) when compared to the ST treatment. In 2015, a relatively dry year, ST yield was almost on par with MT and RT. A positive interaction between tillage and fertilization was evident, with higher yield variation (CV=40.07) in the non-fertilized (N0) tillage plots, compared to those which received the N80 and N160 kg ha-1 treatments (CV=22.42). Fertilizer application greatly increased the yield of maize and accounted for 43 % of yield variances. The highest yield (11.88 t ha-1) was obtained with N160 kg ha-1 treatment, followed by N80 kg ha-1 (10.83 t ha-1), while the lowest yield (7.48 t ha-1) was recorded in the nonfertilized plots(N0 kg ha-1). Crop year interaction was highly significant with vast variation in yield between the two years, ranging from 8.36 t ha-1 in 2015 to 12.43 t ha-1 in 2016 for the same set of agrotechnical inputs. In 2016, a higher yield was obtained with increased fertilizer dosage due to favorable growing conditions which allowed for better fertilizer utilization. However, with 2015 being a relatively dry crop year there was no yield increasing effect with higher fertilizer dosage (N160 kg ha-1). FAO 380 was the better performing of the two hybrids, with a yield of 11.09 t ha-1 compared to FAO 490 with 10.60 t ha-1. A positive correlation exists between fertilizer dosage and water supply. A lower dosage of fertilizer produced optimum results in the drier year with a limited water supply. Ripper tillage and strip tillage can be suitable alternatives for conventional mouldboard tillage, especially in drier conditions.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Rip tillage (RT) gave the highest maize yield, followed by MT and ST.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of tillage systems and fertilizer treatments on yield of maize hybrids”
e0“RT produced the highest yield of 10.37 t ha-1, followed by MT and ST with 10.22 and 9.60 t ha-1 respectively”
e1“three tillage systems (Moldboard plowing-MT, Strip tillage-ST, Rip tillage-RT)”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield did not differ significantly between RT and MT.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of tillage systems and fertilizer treatments on yield of maize hybrids”
e2“There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in yield between the RT and MT treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
RT and MT yields were significantly higher than ST yield.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of tillage systems and fertilizer treatments on yield of maize hybrids”
e2“There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in yield between the RT and MT treatments”
e3“both the RT and MT were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05) when compared to the ST treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
In the relatively dry year 2015, ST yield was almost on par with MT and RT.
- Treatment
- STe4
- Outcome
- yielde4
- Direction
- almost on pare4
- Comparator
- MT and RTe4
- Setting
- a relatively dry yeare4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of tillage systems and fertilizer treatments on yield of maize hybrids”
e4“In 2015, a relatively dry year, ST yield was almost on par with MT and RT”
Claim · model-written summary
A positive interaction between tillage and fertilization was evident for maize yield.
- Treatment
- tillage and fertilizatione5
- Outcome
- interaction between tillage and fertilizatione5
- Direction
- positivee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of tillage systems and fertilizer treatments on yield of maize hybrids”
e5“A positive interaction between tillage and fertilization was evident”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield variation was higher in non-fertilized (N0) tillage plots (CV=40.07) than in plots receiving N80 and N160 kg ha-1 (CV=22.42).
- Treatment
- non-fertilized (N0)e6
- Outcome
- yield variatione6
- Direction
- highere6
- Value
- CV=40.07e6
- Comparator
- N80 and N160 kg ha-1 treatmentse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of tillage systems and fertilizer treatments on yield of maize hybrids”
e6“with higher yield variation (CV=40.07) in the non-fertilized (N0) tillage plots, compared to those which received the N80 and N160 kg ha-1 treatments (CV=22.42)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer application greatly increased maize yield and accounted for 43 % of yield variance.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of tillage systems and fertilizer treatments on yield of maize hybrids”
e7“Fertilizer application greatly increased the yield of maize and accounted for 43 % of yield variances”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest maize yield (11.88 t ha-1) was obtained with N160 kg ha-1, followed by N80 kg ha-1 (10.83 t ha-1).
- Treatment
- N160 kg ha-1 treatmente0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 11.88 t ha-1e0
- Comparator
- N80 kg ha-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of tillage systems and fertilizer treatments on yield of maize hybrids”
e0“The highest yield (11.88 t ha-1) was obtained with N160 kg ha-1 treatment, followed by N80 kg ha-1 (10.83 t ha-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
The lowest maize yield (7.48 t ha-1) was recorded in nonfertilized plots (N0 kg ha-1).
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of tillage systems and fertilizer treatments on yield of maize hybrids”
e1“while the lowest yield (7.48 t ha-1) was recorded in the nonfertilized plots(N0 kg ha-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize yield ranged from 8.36 t ha-1 in 2015 to 12.43 t ha-1 in 2016 for the same agrotechnical inputs.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of tillage systems and fertilizer treatments on yield of maize hybrids”
e2“ranging from 8.36 t ha-1 in 2015 to 12.43 t ha-1 in 2016 for the same set of agrotechnical inputs”
e3“Crop year interaction was highly significant with vast variation in yield between the two years”
Claim · model-written summary
The crop year interaction for maize yield was highly significant.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of tillage systems and fertilizer treatments on yield of maize hybrids”
e3“Crop year interaction was highly significant with vast variation in yield between the two years”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2016, a higher maize yield was obtained with increased fertilizer dosage under favorable growing conditions.
- Treatment
- increased fertilizer dosagee4
- Outcome
- yielde4
- Direction
- highere4
- Qualifier
- favorable growing conditionse4
- Setting
- 2016e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of tillage systems and fertilizer treatments on yield of maize hybrids”
e4“In 2016, a higher yield was obtained with increased fertilizer dosage due to favorable growing conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
With 2015 as a dry year, higher fertilizer dosage (N160 kg ha-1) gave no yield-increasing effect.
- Treatment
- higher fertilizer dosage (N160 kg ha-1)e5
- Outcome
- yield increasing effecte5
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede5
- Setting
- 2015 being a relatively dry crop yeare5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of tillage systems and fertilizer treatments on yield of maize hybrids”
e5“However, with 2015 being a relatively dry crop year there was no yield increasing effect with higher fertilizer dosage (N160 kg ha-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
FAO 380 yielded more than FAO 490 (11.09 vs 10.60 t ha-1).
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of tillage systems and fertilizer treatments on yield of maize hybrids”
e6“FAO 380 was the better performing of the two hybrids, with a yield of 11.09 t ha-1 compared to FAO 490 with 10.60 t ha-1”
Claim · model-written summary
A positive correlation exists between fertilizer dosage and water supply.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of tillage systems and fertilizer treatments on yield of maize hybrids”
e7“A positive correlation exists between fertilizer dosage and water supply”
Claim · model-written summary
A lower fertilizer dosage gave optimum results in the drier year with limited water supply.
- Treatment
- lower dosage of fertilizere0
- Outcome
- optimum resultse0
- Qualifier
- limited water supplye0
- Setting
- drier yeare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of tillage systems and fertilizer treatments on yield of maize hybrids”
e0“A lower dosage of fertilizer produced optimum results in the drier year with a limited water supply”
Claim · model-written summary
Ripper tillage and strip tillage can be suitable alternatives to conventional mouldboard tillage, especially in drier conditions.
- Treatment
- Ripper tillage and strip tillagee1
- Outcome
- suitable alternativese1
- Comparator
- conventional mouldboard tillagee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of tillage systems and fertilizer treatments on yield of maize hybrids”
e1“Ripper tillage and strip tillage can be suitable alternatives for conventional mouldboard tillage, especially in drier conditions”
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