Abstract
Abstract Improving soil productivity is the best way to increase grain production by 1% annually for feeding the rising population within the next 20 years in China. Nevertheless, how soybean yield and seed quality are affected by improving soil quality via consecutive manure addition are still unclear. A 7‐year consecutive cattle manure addition experiment was conducted under a soybean [ Glycine max (Merrill.) L.] and maize ( Zea mays L.) rotation in Mollisols. Treatments were as follows: CK: the non‐fertilizer control; CF: chemical fertilizer (NPK); CFM1: CF + 15 Mg ha −1 cattle manure; CFM2: CF + 30 Mg ha −1 cattle manure. The results showed CFM1 significantly increased soybean yield by 22%–105% and 21%–86% compared to CK and CF during 2014–2018. The consecutive cattle manure addition significantly increased the proportion of macro‐aggregates (1–0.25 mm) but decreased the proportion of micro‐aggregates (0.25–0.053 mm) and slit (<0.053 mm). The SOC storage in the large (>1 mm) and small macro‐aggregates (1–0.25 mm) was higher (by 24%–156%) under cattle manure addition than that under CK and CF. The soil productivity was enhanced by cattle manure addition because of the increase in soil available nutrients, that is, ‐N and ‐N, and Olsen‐P, all of which had positive correlations with the yield increase. At least 36% of soybean yield variation under CFM1 could be attributed to the indirect effect of pH value on increasing soil available nutrients concentrations. The cattle manure addition increased soybean seed oil concentration but decreased protein concentration. However, there were no differences in yield and quality between CFM1 and CFM2 after 7‐year of the treatment. It suggests that cattle manure addition at 15 Mg ha −1 is a practical approach to improve Mollisols' productivity and SOC stability.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
CFM1 increased soybean yield by 22%-105% compared with CK during 2014-2018.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- CFM1e1
- Outcome
- soybean yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 22%–105%e1
- Qualifier
- during 2014–2018e1
- Comparator
- CKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean yield and quality relative to Mollisols fertility”
e1“The results showed CFM1 significantly increased soybean yield by 22%–105% and 21%–86% compared to CK and CF during 2014–2018”
Claim · model-written summary
CFM1 increased soybean yield by 21%-86% compared with CF during 2014-2018.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- CFM1e1
- Outcome
- soybean yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 21%–86%e1
- Qualifier
- during 2014–2018e1
- Comparator
- CFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean yield and quality relative to Mollisols fertility”
e1“The results showed CFM1 significantly increased soybean yield by 22%–105% and 21%–86% compared to CK and CF during 2014–2018”
Claim · model-written summary
Consecutive cattle manure addition significantly increased the proportion of macro-aggregates.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- cattle manure additione2
- Outcome
- proportion of macro‐aggregatese2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean yield and quality relative to Mollisols fertility”
e2“The consecutive cattle manure addition significantly increased the proportion of macro‐aggregates”
Claim · model-written summary
Consecutive cattle manure addition decreased the proportion of micro-aggregates.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- cattle manure additione2
- Outcome
- proportion of micro‐aggregatese3
- Direction
- decreasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean yield and quality relative to Mollisols fertility”
e2“The consecutive cattle manure addition significantly increased the proportion of macro‐aggregates”
e3“but decreased the proportion of micro‐aggregates”
Claim · model-written summary
Cattle manure addition increased soil organic carbon storage in large and small macro-aggregates by 24%-156% compared with CK and CF.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- cattle manure additione4
- Outcome
- SOC storage in the large (>1 mm) and small macro‐aggregatese4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 24%–156%e4
- Comparator
- CK and CFe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean yield and quality relative to Mollisols fertility”
e4“The SOC storage in the large (>1 mm) and small macro‐aggregates (1–0.25 mm) was higher (by 24%–156%) under cattle manure addition than that under CK and CF”
Claim · model-written summary
Cattle manure addition enhanced soil productivity through higher soil available nutrients.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- cattle manure additione5
- Outcome
- soil productivitye5
- Qualifier
- increase in soil available nutrientse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean yield and quality relative to Mollisols fertility”
e5“The soil productivity was enhanced by cattle manure addition because of the increase in soil available nutrients”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil available nutrients were positively correlated with the soybean yield increase.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Compound
- soil available nutrientse5
- Outcome
- yield increasee6
- Direction
- positive correlationse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean yield and quality relative to Mollisols fertility”
e5“The soil productivity was enhanced by cattle manure addition because of the increase in soil available nutrients”
e6“all of which had positive correlations with the yield increase”
Claim · model-written summary
About 36% of soybean yield variation under CFM1 was attributed to an indirect effect of soil pH on available nutrients.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- CFM1e7
- Outcome
- soybean yield variatione7
- Value
- At least 36%e7
- Qualifier
- indirect effect of pH valuee7
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean yield and quality relative to Mollisols fertility”
e7“At least 36% of soybean yield variation under CFM1 could be attributed to the indirect effect of pH value on increasing soil available nutrients concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
Cattle manure addition increased soybean seed oil concentration.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- cattle manure additione1
- Outcome
- soybean seed oil concentratione1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean yield and quality relative to Mollisols fertility”
e1“The cattle manure addition increased soybean seed oil concentration but decreased protein concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Cattle manure addition decreased soybean seed protein concentration.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- cattle manure additione1
- Outcome
- protein concentratione1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean yield and quality relative to Mollisols fertility”
e1“The cattle manure addition increased soybean seed oil concentration but decreased protein concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
CFM1 and CFM2 did not differ in soybean yield or quality after seven years.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- CFM2e2
- Outcome
- yield and qualitye2
- Direction
- no differencese2
- Comparator
- CFM1e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean yield and quality relative to Mollisols fertility”
e2“there were no differences in yield and quality between CFM1 and CFM2”
Claim · model-written summary
Cattle manure at 15 Mg ha-1 is recommended as a practical approach to improve Mollisols productivity and SOC stability.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- a practical approach to improve Mollisols' productivity and SOC stabilitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean yield and quality relative to Mollisols fertility”
e1“is a practical approach to improve Mollisols' productivity and SOC stability”