Abstract
Abstract During late spring and early summer, perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.) produces reproductive structures (i.e., culm and inflorescence), that decrease turf quality due to stemminess (i.e., culm remaining) after mowing. Research is required to understand the impact of management practices on visible culm and inflorescence presence. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate perennial ryegrass culm, inflorescence, and turf canopy responses due to various nitrogen (N) fertilization levels, scalping timings and heights. In Experiment 1, N fertilization rates ≥24 kg N ha −1 applied in early May with a slow‐release fertilizer prior to peak flowering (i.e., late May to early June) visibly decreased culms and inflorescences compared with 0 and 12 kg N ha −1 . Higher N fertilizer levels, especially 98 kg N ha −1 , also resulted in fewer necrotic culms remaining later in the summer along with greater overall turf quality and reduced weed cover. In Experiment 2, scalping perennial ryegrass at 3.8 or 5.1 cm on 25 May, the closest proximity prior to peak flowering, provided the lowest area under the curve (AUC) of green flowering culms. Scalping during or after peak flowering resulted in similar AUC values compared with nonscalped (7.6 cm) turf but did decrease the presence of necrotic culms later in summer to help improve turf quality. Overall, N fertility with a slow‐release fertilizer or a well‐timed scalping influences spring culm and inflorescence density and necrotic culm stemminess in perennial ryegrass turf systems. Additional research on physiological responses, such as carbohydrate partitioning, to these management practices is required.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen rates of at least 24 kg N per hectare reduced visible culms and inflorescences relative to 0 and 12 kg.
- Treatment
- N fertilization rates ≥24 kg N ha −1e0
- Outcome
- culms and inflorescencese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- applied in early May with a slow‐release fertilizer prior to peak floweringe0
- Comparator
- 0 and 12 kg N ha −1e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“N fertilization rates ≥24 kg N ha −1 applied in early May with a slow‐release fertilizer prior to peak flowering (i.e., late May to early June) visibly decreased culms and inflorescences compared with 0 and 12 kg N ha −1 .”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen rates, especially 98 kg N per hectare, left fewer necrotic culms later in summer.
- Treatment
- Higher N fertilizer levels, especially 98 kg N ha −1e0
- Outcome
- necrotic culms remaininge0
- Direction
- fewere0
- Qualifier
- later in the summere0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Higher N fertilizer levels, especially 98 kg N ha −1 , also resulted in fewer necrotic culms remaining later in the summer along with greater overall turf quality and reduced weed cover.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen rates improved overall turf quality.
- Treatment
- Higher N fertilizer levels, especially 98 kg N ha −1e0
- Outcome
- overall turf qualitye0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Higher N fertilizer levels, especially 98 kg N ha −1 , also resulted in fewer necrotic culms remaining later in the summer along with greater overall turf quality and reduced weed cover.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen rates reduced weed cover.
- Treatment
- Higher N fertilizer levels, especially 98 kg N ha −1e0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed covere0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Higher N fertilizer levels, especially 98 kg N ha −1 , also resulted in fewer necrotic culms remaining later in the summer along with greater overall turf quality and reduced weed cover.”
Claim · model-written summary
Scalping at 3.8 or 5.1 cm on 25 May yielded the lowest cumulative green flowering culms.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrass
Lolium perennee0 - Treatment
- scalping perennial ryegrass at 3.8 or 5.1 cm on 25 Maye0
- Outcome
- area under the curve (AUC) of green flowering culmse0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“scalping perennial ryegrass at 3.8 or 5.1 cm on 25 May, the closest proximity prior to peak flowering, provided the lowest area under the curve (AUC) of green flowering culms.”
Claim · model-written summary
Scalping during or after peak flowering gave cumulative green culm values similar to nonscalped turf.
Verbatim
e0“Scalping during or after peak flowering resulted in similar AUC values compared with nonscalped (7.6 cm) turf”
Claim · model-written summary
Scalping during or after peak flowering reduced necrotic culms later in summer.
Verbatim
e0“Scalping during or after peak flowering resulted in similar AUC values compared with nonscalped (7.6 cm) turf but did decrease the presence of necrotic culms later in summer to help improve turf quality.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpret reduced necrotic culms after scalping as helping turf quality.
Verbatim
e0“decrease the presence of necrotic culms later in summer to help improve turf quality”