Abstract
To avoid environmental pollution, the useful and safe disposal of farmyard manure (FYM) was assessed during a two-year (2017 and 2018) field experiment using beneficial microbes (BM): 25 and 50 L ha -1 , humic acid (HA): 3, 6 and 9 kg ha -1 , and FYM: 10, 15 and 20 Mg ha -1 compared with a control (without BM, HA or FYM). Doubling the amount of BM from 25 to 50 L ha -1 delayed phenological events of maize (Zea mays L.) by one day, decreased soil total nitrogen (N tot ) content (12.6%) but improved soil bulk density (BD) (1.25 Mg m -3 ), electrical conductivity (EC) (1.90 dS m -1 ) and mineral N (N min ) content (33.89 mg kg -1 soil). Increasing HA application from 3 to 9 kg ha -1 , physiological maturity of maize delayed by 2 days but increased soil EC (0.11 dS m -1 ), BD (1.63%), N min (12.94%) and decreased soil N tot (34.42%) content. With the FYM level increasing from 10 to 20 Mg ha -1 , the phenological events were delayed, but soil properties, i.e., pH (-0.3 unit), EC (6.66%), BD (-5.83%), N min (28.14%) and N tot (30.16%) content, were improved. Soil properties like EC and N tot and N min contents showed significant positive correlation with maize leaf area, grain N content and grain yield. It was concluded that with addition of either 50 L ha -1 BM or 6-9 kg ha -1 HA, FYM mineralization increased, growth periods prolonged and soil fertility indices improved. Thus, for improving the N min availability and prolonged maize phenological duration for maximizing productivity, 20 Mg ha -1 FYM should be applied in combination with 50 L ha -1 BM and/or 6 kg ha -1 HA.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Doubling beneficial microbes delayed maize phenology by one day.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Doubling the amount of BM from 25 to 50 L ha -1 delayed phenological events of maize (Zea mays L.) by one day”
Claim · model-written summary
Doubling BM decreased soil total nitrogen by 12.6%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased soil total nitrogen (N tot ) content (12.6%)”
e1“Doubling the amount of BM from 25 to 50 L ha -1 delayed phenological events of maize (Zea mays L.) by one day”
Claim · model-written summary
Doubling BM improved soil bulk density, electrical conductivity and mineral nitrogen.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize response to soil properties improved with beneficial microbes, humic acid and farmyard manure application”
e0“improved soil bulk density (BD) (1.25 Mg m -3 ), electrical conductivity (EC) (1.90 dS m -1 ) and mineral N (N min ) content (33.89 mg kg -1 soil)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing HA delayed maize physiological maturity by two days.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“Increasing HA application from 3 to 9 kg ha -1 , physiological maturity of maize delayed by 2 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing HA raised soil EC.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“increased soil EC (0.11 dS m -1 )”
t1“Maize response to soil properties improved with beneficial microbes, humic acid and farmyard manure application”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing HA raised soil bulk density.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize response to soil properties improved with beneficial microbes, humic acid and farmyard manure application”
e0“BD (1.63%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing HA raised mineral N by 12.94%.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize response to soil properties improved with beneficial microbes, humic acid and farmyard manure application”
e0“N min (12.94%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing HA decreased soil total N by 34.42%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize response to soil properties improved with beneficial microbes, humic acid and farmyard manure application”
e0“decreased soil N tot (34.42%) content”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher FYM delayed phenological events.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize response to soil properties improved with beneficial microbes, humic acid and farmyard manure application”
e0“With the FYM level increasing from 10 to 20 Mg ha -1 , the phenological events were delayed”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher FYM improved soil pH, EC and BD.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize response to soil properties improved with beneficial microbes, humic acid and farmyard manure application”
e0“soil properties, i.e., pH (-0.3 unit), EC (6.66%), BD (-5.83%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher FYM improved mineral N and total N.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize response to soil properties improved with beneficial microbes, humic acid and farmyard manure application”
e0“N min (28.14%) and N tot (30.16%) content, were improved”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil EC and N contents correlated positively with maize leaf area, grain N and grain yield.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil properties like EC and N tot and N min contents showed significant positive correlation with maize leaf area, grain N content and grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors concluded that BM or HA increased FYM mineralization and prolonged growth periods.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“with addition of either 50 L ha -1 BM or 6-9 kg ha -1 HA, FYM mineralization increased, growth periods prolonged and soil fertility indices improved”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend 20 Mg ha-1 FYM with BM or HA to improve mineral N and productivity.
- Outcome
- 20 Mg ha -1 FYM should be applied in combination with 50 L ha -1 BM and/or 6 kg ha -1 HAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“20 Mg ha -1 FYM should be applied in combination with 50 L ha -1 BM and/or 6 kg ha -1 HA”
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