Abstract
In order to explore the optimal cultivar × sowing date × plant density for summer maize (Zea mays L.) in the Northern Huang–Huai–Hai (HHH) Plain of China, field experiments were conducted over two consecutive years (2018–2019) on a loam soil in the Northern HHH Plain. A split–split plot design was employed in this study, and the main plots included three cultivars (HM1: early-maturing cultivar; ZD958: medium-maturing cultivar; DH605: late-maturing cultivar); subplots consisted of three sowing dates (SD1: June 10; SD2: June 17; SD3: June 24); sub-sub plots include two plant densities (PD1: 6.75 × 104 plants ha−1; PD2: 8.25 × 104 plants ha−1). The results showed that the effects of cultivar and plant density on grain yield of summer maize were not significant, and the sowing date was the major factor affecting the grain yield. Delayed sowing significantly decreased the grain yield of summer maize, this was due mainly to the reduced kernel weight, which is associated with the lower post-anthesis dry matter accumulation. Moreover, radiation use efficiency (RUE), temperature use efficiency (TUE), and water use efficiency (WUE) were significantly affected by cultivar, sowing date, and plant density. Selecting early- and medium-maturing cultivars was beneficial to the improvements in RUE and TUE, and plants grown at earlier sowing with higher plant density increased the RUE and TUE. The interactive analysis of cultivar × sowing date × plant density showed that the optimum grain yields of all tested cultivars were observed at SD1-PD2, and the optimum RUE and TUE for HM1, ZD958, and DH605 were observed at SD1-PD2, SD2-PD2, and SD2-PD2, respectively. The differences in the optimum grain yield, RUE, and TUE among the tested cultivars were not significant. These results suggested that plants grown at earlier sowing with reasonable dense planting had benefits of grain yield and resource use efficiency. In order to adapt to mechanized grain harvesting, early-maturing cultivar with lower grain moisture at harvest would be the better choice. Therefore, adopting early-maturing cultivars grown with earlier sowing with reasonably higher plant density would be the optimal planting pattern for summer maize production in the Northern HHH Plain of China in future.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar effects on maize grain yield were not significant.
Zea maysNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of cultivar and plant density on grain yield of summer maize were not significant”
t0“Summer Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant density effects on maize grain yield were not significant.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of cultivar and plant density on grain yield of summer maize were not significant”
t0“Summer Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed sowing significantly decreased maize grain yield.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Delayed sowing significantly decreased the grain yield of summer maize”
t0“Summer Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced kernel weight was the main explanation given for reduced yield under delayed sowing.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Delayed sowing significantly decreased the grain yield of summer maize, this was due mainly to the reduced kernel weight”
t0“Summer Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced kernel weight was associated with lower post-anthesis dry matter accumulation.
- Organ / stage
- post-anthesise0
- Outcome
- kernel weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- lower post-anthesis dry matter accumulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced kernel weight, which is associated with the lower post-anthesis dry matter accumulation.”
t0“Summer Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar, sowing date and density significantly affected RUE, TUE and WUE.
- Material
- cultivare0
- Treatment
- sowing date, and plant densitye0
- Outcome
- radiation use efficiency (RUE), temperature use efficiency (TUE), and water use efficiency (WUE)e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“radiation use efficiency (RUE), temperature use efficiency (TUE), and water use efficiency (WUE) were significantly affected by cultivar, sowing date, and plant density.”
t0“Summer Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Early-maturing cultivars improved RUE and TUE.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Selecting early- and medium-maturing cultivars was beneficial to the improvements in RUE and TUE”
t0“Summer Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Medium-maturing cultivars improved RUE and TUE.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Selecting early- and medium-maturing cultivars was beneficial to the improvements in RUE and TUE”
t0“Summer Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Earlier sowing increased RUE and TUE.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants grown at earlier sowing with higher plant density increased the RUE and TUE”
t0“Summer Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher plant density increased RUE and TUE.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants grown at earlier sowing with higher plant density increased the RUE and TUE”
t0“Summer Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
All cultivars had optimal grain yield at SD1-PD2.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the optimum grain yields of all tested cultivars were observed at SD1-PD2”
t0“Summer Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
HM1 had optimal RUE and TUE at SD1-PD2.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the optimum RUE and TUE for HM1, ZD958, and DH605 were observed at SD1-PD2, SD2-PD2, and SD2-PD2, respectively”
t0“Summer Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
ZD958 had optimal RUE and TUE at SD2-PD2.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the optimum RUE and TUE for HM1, ZD958, and DH605 were observed at SD1-PD2, SD2-PD2, and SD2-PD2, respectively”
t0“Summer Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
DH605 had optimal RUE and TUE at SD2-PD2.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the optimum RUE and TUE for HM1, ZD958, and DH605 were observed at SD1-PD2, SD2-PD2, and SD2-PD2, respectively”
t0“Summer Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimum grain yield, RUE and TUE did not differ significantly among cultivars.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The differences in the optimum grain yield, RUE, and TUE among the tested cultivars were not significant.”
t0“Summer Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors favor an early-maturing cultivar with lower harvest grain moisture for mechanized harvest.
- Outcome
- early-maturing cultivar with lower grain moisture at harveste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“early-maturing cultivar with lower grain moisture at harvest would be the better choice.”
t0“Summer Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend early-maturing cultivars with earlier sowing and reasonably higher density.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“adopting early-maturing cultivars grown with earlier sowing with reasonably higher plant density would be the optimal planting pattern for summer maize production in the Northern HHH Plain of China in future.”
t0“Summer Maize”
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