Abstract
Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) cause significant losses during the production and marketing of horticultural products. Brazilian growers usually adopt full-coverage insecticide spraying to control fruit flies, but toxic bait is a more strategic technique, because reach efficacy and the target surface is the foliage and branches. We provide information regarding the toxicity of spinetoram bait to two fruit fly species in the laboratory as an alternative to organophosphates and the specific spinosad formulation. We tested toxic baits in the laboratory, using commercial hydrolysed corn protein (10% v/v) plus 90 g, 120 g, 150 g and 180 g dilutions of spinetoram 250 WG (commercial product/1,000 litres of water). All toxic baits were compared with an untreated control (only protein) for the adults of females and males of Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart, 1835) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) up to 30 hours of exposure. Dry food for adults was included in all dilutions (5% w/v). In addition, we tested the residual effect of toxic baits applied to the leaves of mandarin seedlings. We used the same treatments of the earlier bioassay without dry food, collecting treated leaves and exposing them to C. capitata (medfly) females for 24 hours in the laboratory. Leaves were collected 1, 3, 7, 15 and 30 days after application. Overall, medfly adults were more susceptible to spinetoram baits than A. obliqua. All toxic baits resulted in 100% C. capitata mortality 24 hours after initial exposure, and the toxic bait at 150 g/1,000 L of water resulted in the maximum mortality (96%) in A. obliqua. Except for 90 g of spinetoram bait at 30 days after application, all spinetoram bait concentrations resulted in significantly, more dead C. capitata females than the control over all tested periods in the residual bioassay. At 30 days after application, spinetoram baits at 120 g, 150 g and 180 g resulted in 85%, 87% and 86% mortality in C. capitata, respectively. Spinetoram toxic baits have proven promising for long-term fruit fly management.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Medflies were more susceptible to spinetoram baits than A. obliqua.
Verbatim
e0“Overall, medfly adults were more susceptible to spinetoram baits than A. obliqua.”
t0“mandarin seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
All toxic baits caused 100% C. capitata mortality after 24 hours.
- Taxon
- mandarin seedlingst0
- Treatment
- All toxic baitse0
- Interactor
- C. capitata
Ceratitis capitatae0pest - Outcome
- C. capitata mortalitye0
- Direction
- resulted ine0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All toxic baits resulted in 100% C. capitata mortality 24 hours after initial exposure”
t0“mandarin seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The 150 g/1,000 L bait caused maximum A. obliqua mortality of 96%.
- Taxon
- mandarin seedlingst0
- Treatment
- toxic bait at 150 g/1,000 L of watere0
- Interactor
- A. obliqua
Anastrepha obliquae0pest - Outcome
- mortality (96%) in A. obliquae0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 96%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the toxic bait at 150 g/1,000 L of water resulted in the maximum mortality (96%) in A. obliqua”
t0“mandarin seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Except at 90 g after 30 days, baits caused significantly more dead C. capitata females than control over tested periods.
- Taxon
- mandarin seedlingst0
- Treatment
- all spinetoram bait concentrationse0
- Interactor
- C. capitataCeratitis capitatae0pest
- Outcome
- dead C. capitata femalese0
- Direction
- moree0
- Qualifier
- Except for 90 g of spinetoram bait at 30 days after applicatione0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Except for 90 g of spinetoram bait at 30 days after application, all spinetoram bait concentrations resulted in significantly, more dead C. capitata females than the control over all tested periods in the residual bioassay.”
t0“mandarin seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
At 30 days, the 120 g bait caused 85% C. capitata mortality.
- Taxon
- mandarin seedlingst0
- Treatment
- 120 ge0
- Interactor
- C. capitataCeratitis capitatae0pest
- Outcome
- mortality in C. capitatae0
- Direction
- resulted ine0
- Value
- 85%e0
- Qualifier
- At 30 days after applicatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 30 days after application, spinetoram baits at 120 g, 150 g and 180 g resulted in 85%, 87% and 86% mortality in C. capitata, respectively.”
t0“mandarin seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
At 30 days, the 150 g bait caused 87% C. capitata mortality.
- Taxon
- mandarin seedlingst0
- Treatment
- 150 ge0
- Interactor
- C. capitataCeratitis capitatae0pest
- Outcome
- mortality in C. capitatae0
- Direction
- resulted ine0
- Value
- 87%e0
- Qualifier
- At 30 days after applicatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 30 days after application, spinetoram baits at 120 g, 150 g and 180 g resulted in 85%, 87% and 86% mortality in C. capitata, respectively.”
t0“mandarin seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
At 30 days, the 180 g bait caused 86% C. capitata mortality.
- Taxon
- mandarin seedlingst0
- Treatment
- 180 ge0
- Interactor
- C. capitataCeratitis capitatae0pest
- Outcome
- mortality in C. capitatae0
- Direction
- resulted ine0
- Value
- 86%e0
- Qualifier
- At 30 days after applicatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 30 days after application, spinetoram baits at 120 g, 150 g and 180 g resulted in 85%, 87% and 86% mortality in C. capitata, respectively.”
t0“mandarin seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinetoram toxic baits were considered promising for long-term fruit fly management.
Verbatim
e0“Spinetoram toxic baits have proven promising for long-term fruit fly management.”
t0“mandarin seedlings”