Abstract
Vascular shrubs growing along the draw-down zones of saline lakes must develop adaptive mechanisms to cope with high salinity, erratic environmental conditions, and other biotic and abiotic stresses. Microbial endophytes from plants growing in these unique environments harbor diverse metabolic and genetic profiles that play an important role in plant growth, health, and survival under stressful conditions. A variety of bacterial endophytes have been isolated from salt tolerant plants but their potential applications in agriculture have not been fully explored. To further address this gap, the present study sought to isolate culturable bacterial endophytes from shrubs growing along the draw-down zone of Lake Bogoria, a saline alkaline lake, and examined their functional characteristics and potential in the biocontrol of the bean root rot pathogen, Fusarium solani . We collected shrubs growing within 5 m distance from the shoreline of Lake Bogoria and isolated 69 bacterial endophytes. The endophytic bacteria were affiliated to three different phyla ( Firmicutes, Proteobacteria , and Actinobacteria ) with a bias in the genera, Bacillus , and they showed no tissue or plant specificity. All selected isolates were positive for catalase enzyme grown in 1.5 M NaCl; three isolates (B23, B19, and B53) produced indole acetic acid (IAA) and only one isolate, B23 did not solubilize phosphate on Pikovskaya agar. Isolates, B19 and B53 exhibited more than 50% of mycelial inhibition in the dual culture assay and completely inhibited the germination of F. solani spores in co-culture assays while two isolates, B07 and B39 had delayed fungal spore germination after an overnight incubation. All isolates were able to establish endophytic association in the roots, stems, and leaves of been seedlings in both seed soaking and drenching methods. Colonization of bean seedlings by the bacterial endophytes, B19 and B53 resulted in the biocontrol of F. solani in planta, reduced disease severity and incidence, and significantly increased both root and shoot biomass compared to the control. Taxonomic identification using 16S rRNA revealed that the two isolates belong to Enterobacter hormaechei subsp., Xiangfangensis and Bacillus megaterium . Our results demonstrate the potential use of these two isolates in the biocontrol of the bean root rot pathogen, F. solani and plant growth promotion.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Sixty-nine bacterial endophytes were isolated from Lake Bogoria shrubs.
Verbatim
e0“We collected shrubs growing within 5 m distance from the shoreline of Lake Bogoria and isolated 69 bacterial endophytes”
Claim · model-written summary
Endophytes belonged to three phyla and showed a bias toward Bacillus.
Verbatim
e0“The endophytic bacteria were affiliated to three different phyla ( Firmicutes, Proteobacteria , and Actinobacteria ) with a bias in the genera, Bacillus , and they showed no tissue or plant specificity”
Claim · model-written summary
Endophytes showed no tissue or plant specificity.
Verbatim
e0“The endophytic bacteria were affiliated to three different phyla ( Firmicutes, Proteobacteria , and Actinobacteria ) with a bias in the genera, Bacillus , and they showed no tissue or plant specificity”
Claim · model-written summary
All selected isolates were catalase positive at 1.5 M NaCl.
Verbatim
e0“All selected isolates were positive for catalase enzyme grown in 1.5 M NaCl”
t0“Shrubs”
Claim · model-written summary
B23, B19, and B53 produced indole acetic acid.
Verbatim
e0“three isolates (B23, B19, and B53) produced indole acetic acid (IAA)”
t0“Shrubs”
Claim · model-written summary
B23 did not solubilize phosphate on Pikovskaya agar.
Verbatim
e0“only one isolate, B23 did not solubilize phosphate on Pikovskaya agar”
t0“Shrubs”
Claim · model-written summary
B19 and B53 inhibited F. solani mycelia by more than 50% in dual culture.
- Taxon
- Beant0
- Interactor
- F. solani
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium solanie1pathogen - Second interactor
- B19 and B53e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mycelial inhibitione0
- Value
- more than 50%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Isolates, B19 and B53 exhibited more than 50% of mycelial inhibition in the dual culture assay”
e1“F. solani spores in co-culture assays”
t0“Bean Root Rot”
Claim · model-written summary
B19 and B53 completely inhibited F. solani spore germination.
- Taxon
- Beant0
- Interactor
- F. solaniFusarium solanie0pathogen
- Second interactor
- B19 and B53e1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- germination of F. solani sporese0
- Direction
- completely inhibitede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“completely inhibited the germination of F. solani spores in co-culture assays while two isolates, B07 and B39 had delayed fungal spore germination after an overnight incubation”
e1“Isolates, B19 and B53 exhibited more than 50% of mycelial inhibition”
t0“Bean Root Rot”
Claim · model-written summary
B07 and B39 delayed fungal spore germination after overnight incubation.
Verbatim
e0“B07 and B39 had delayed fungal spore germination after an overnight incubation”
t0“Bean Root Rot”
Claim · model-written summary
All isolates colonized roots, stems, and leaves of bean seedlings via seed soaking and drenching.
Verbatim
e0“All isolates were able to establish endophytic association in the roots, stems, and leaves of been seedlings in both seed soaking and drenching methods”
t0“Bean Root Rot”
Claim · model-written summary
Colonization by B19 and B53 reduced F. solani disease severity and incidence in bean seedlings.
- Taxon
- bean seedlingse0
- Treatment
- Colonization of bean seedlings by the bacterial endophytes, B19 and B53e0
- Interactor
- F. solaniFusarium solanie0pathogen
- Second interactor
- B19 and B53e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease severity and incidencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Colonization of bean seedlings by the bacterial endophytes, B19 and B53 resulted in the biocontrol of F. solani in planta, reduced disease severity and incidence, and significantly increased both root and shoot biomass compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Colonization by B19 and B53 significantly increased bean root and shoot biomass versus controls.
Verbatim
e0“Colonization of bean seedlings by the bacterial endophytes, B19 and B53 resulted in the biocontrol of F. solani in planta, reduced disease severity and incidence, and significantly increased both root and shoot biomass compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
The two effective isolates were identified as Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. Xiangfangensis and Bacillus megaterium.
Verbatim
e0“Taxonomic identification using 16S rRNA revealed that the two isolates belong to Enterobacter hormaechei subsp., Xiangfangensis and Bacillus megaterium”
t0“Bean Root Rot”
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See all 13 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.