Abstract
Abstract Quercus humboldtii is the dominant tree species in oak forest ecosystems in the Colombian Andes, and approximately 15,000 trees have been planted in urban Bogotá. In Bogotá, Q . humboldtii is affected by phytoplasmas. The management of phytoplasmas relies mainly on control of the insect vectors. The aim of this work was to generate information on phytoplasmas affecting Q . humboldtii and the potential insect vectors involved. Phytoplasmas were detected by nested PCR and identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism or sequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA gene in 238 randomly selected urban trees, from 17 city zones. The prevalence of the disease was 80%, with phytoplasmas detected in 94% of trees. ‘ Candidatus Phytoplasma fraxini’ was found in 54.6%, ‘ Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ in 30.7% and mixed infections of both phytoplasmas in 8.8% of the trees. Phytoplasmas were observed in the phloem of infected trees by electron microscopy. ‘ Ca . P. fraxini’ was more common than ‘ Ca . P. asteris’ in both street and parks trees, but correlations between the phytoplasma and disease‐associated variables were not observed. The entomofauna of a subsample of 102 of these trees was examined. Representative specimens of seven orders were collected, with Hemiptera the most prevalent. Specimens of 17 Cicadellidae, one Membracidae and one Psyllidae species were collected. Cicadellidae species from subfamilies Aphrodinae, Deltocephalinae, Iassinae, Eurymelinae, Megophthalminae and Typhlocybinae were found, in which phytoplasma vectors have been reported previously. Specimens of two known Cicadellidae vector species were collected: Amplicephalus funzaensis (Deltochephalinae) and Exitianus atratus (Deltochephalinae). Phytoplasmas were assessed in 103 Cicadellidae specimens. ‘ Candidatus P. asteris’ was detected in A . funzaensis ( n = 3/16 tested), E . atratus ( n = 2/10 tested) and Alebrini sp. 1 ( n = 1/11) tested). The possible epidemiological implications of these findings are discussed.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Disease prevalence in surveyed urban oak trees was 80%.
- Taxon
- Quercus humboldtii
Quercus humboldtiit0 - Outcome
- prevalence of the diseasee0
- Value
- 80%e0
- Setting
- Bogotá—Colombiat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The prevalence of the disease was 80%”
t0“Quercus humboldtii Bonpland, in Bogotá—Colombia”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytoplasmas were detected in 94% of trees.
- Taxon
- Quercus humboldtiiQuercus humboldtiit0
- Interactor
- phytoplasmas
Candidatus Phytoplasmae0pathogen - Outcome
- phytoplasmas detectede0
- Value
- 94%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phytoplasmas detected in 94% of trees”
t0“Quercus humboldtii”
Claim · model-written summary
Candidatus Phytoplasma fraxini was found in 54.6% of trees.
- Taxon
- Quercus humboldtiiQuercus humboldtiit0
- Interactor
- Candidatus Phytoplasma fraxini
Candidatus Phytoplasma fraxinie0pathogen - Outcome
- was founde0
- Value
- 54.6%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘ Candidatus Phytoplasma fraxini’ was found in 54.6%”
t0“Quercus humboldtii”
Claim · model-written summary
Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris was found in 30.7% of trees.
- Taxon
- Quercus humboldtiiQuercus humboldtiit0
- Interactor
- Candidatus Phytoplasma asterisCandidatus Phytoplasma asterise0pathogen
- Outcome
- Candidatus Phytoplasma asterise0
- Value
- 30.7%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘ Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ in 30.7%”
t0“Quercus humboldtii”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixed infections occurred in 8.8% of trees.
- Taxon
- Quercus humboldtiiQuercus humboldtiit0
- Interactor
- phytoplasmasCandidatus Phytoplasmae0pathogen
- Outcome
- mixed infections of both phytoplasmase0
- Value
- 8.8%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mixed infections of both phytoplasmas in 8.8% of the trees”
t0“Quercus humboldtii”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytoplasmas were observed in infected tree phloem.
- Taxon
- Quercus humboldtiiQuercus humboldtiit0
- Interactor
- PhytoplasmasCandidatus Phytoplasmae0pathogen
- Outcome
- Phytoplasmas were observed in the phloeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytoplasmas were observed in the phloem of infected trees by electron microscopy.”
t0“Quercus humboldtii”
Claim · model-written summary
Ca. P. fraxini was more common than Ca. P. asteris in street and park trees.
- Taxon
- Quercus humboldtiiQuercus humboldtiit0
- Interactor
- Ca . P. fraxinie0pathogen
- Outcome
- Ca . P. fraxinie0
- Direction
- more commone0
- Comparator
- Ca . P. asterise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘ Ca . P. fraxini’ was more common than ‘ Ca . P. asteris’ in both street and parks trees”
t0“Quercus humboldtii”
Claim · model-written summary
No correlations were observed between phytoplasma and disease variables.
- Taxon
- Quercus humboldtiiQuercus humboldtiit0
- Interactor
- phytoplasmaCandidatus Phytoplasmae0pathogen
- Outcome
- correlations between the phytoplasma and disease‐associated variablese0
- Direction
- not observede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“correlations between the phytoplasma and disease‐associated variables were not observed”
t0“Quercus humboldtii”
Claim · model-written summary
Hemiptera was the most prevalent insect order collected.
- Taxon
- Quercus humboldtiiQuercus humboldtiit0
- Outcome
- Hemiptera the most prevalente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Representative specimens of seven orders were collected, with Hemiptera the most prevalent.”
t0“Quercus humboldtii”
Claim · model-written summary
Candidatus P. asteris was detected in three of 16 tested A. funzaensis.
- Taxon
- Quercus humboldtiiQuercus humboldtiit0
- Interactor
- Candidatus P. asterise0pathogen
- Second interactor
- A . funzaensise0other
- Outcome
- Candidatus P. asteris’ was detectede0
- Value
- 3/16e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘ Candidatus P. asteris’ was detected in A . funzaensis ( n = 3/16 tested)”
t0“Quercus humboldtii”
Claim · model-written summary
Candidatus P. asteris was detected in two of 10 tested E. atratus.
- Taxon
- Quercus humboldtiiQuercus humboldtiit0
- Interactor
- phytoplasmasCandidatus Phytoplasmat0pathogen
- Second interactor
- E . atratuse0other
- Outcome
- phytoplasmast0
- Value
- 2/10e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“E . atratus ( n = 2/10 tested)”
t0“phytoplasmas in Andean oak, Quercus humboldtii”
Claim · model-written summary
Candidatus P. asteris was detected in one of 11 tested Alebrini sp. 1.
- Taxon
- Quercus humboldtiiQuercus humboldtiit0
- Interactor
- phytoplasmasCandidatus Phytoplasmat0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Alebrini sp. 1e0other
- Outcome
- phytoplasmast0
- Value
- 1/11e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Alebrini sp. 1 ( n = 1/11) tested)”
t0“phytoplasmas in Andean oak, Quercus humboldtii”