Abstract
Ficus inflorescences host a species-rich chalcid wasp community, including pollinating fig wasps (Agaonidae: Tetrapusinae, Kradibiinae, and Agaoninae) and several species of non-pollinating fig wasps (NPFW), that show several life-history strategies, including gall-inducers, kleptoparasites (i. e. inquilines), and parasitoids. We analyzed the structure and degree of specialization of the fig wasp community associated with Ficus inflorescences in urbanized areas, agroecosystems, and on the edge of forest fragments in the state of Goiás (Brazil). We sampled 34 wasp species in four native Ficus tree species, from which four wasp species occurred in more than one host. Neotropical fig pollinators (Pegoscapus and Tetrapus) were the most abundant species, and they were host-specific, although two pollinator species were associated with Ficus obtusifolia. The Jaccard similarity index was higher in samples of fig wasps collected in the same host, indicating that the community composition was specific to each host species. Community structure indices indicate a specialized structure with low connectance, high bidimensional Shannon H2’ and low partner diversity. The communities present a modular web structure in which modules were represented by each host and its associated insect species. These results indicate that the fig wasp communities analyzed are highly specialized, despite a few not strictly host-specific species.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Four native Ficus species hosted 34 sampled wasp species.
FicusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We sampled 34 wasp species in four native Ficus tree species, from which four wasp species occurred in more than one host.”
Claim · model-written summary
Four wasp species occurred on multiple Ficus hosts.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We sampled 34 wasp species in four native Ficus tree species, from which four wasp species occurred in more than one host.”
Claim · model-written summary
Neotropical fig pollinators Pegoscapus and Tetrapus were most abundant and host-specific.
Verbatim
e0“Neotropical fig pollinators (Pegoscapus and Tetrapus) were the most abundant species, and they were host-specific”
Claim · model-written summary
Ficus obtusifolia was associated with two pollinator species.
- Taxon
- Ficus obtusifolia
Ficus obtusifoliae0 - Interactor
- pollinatore0pollinator
- Outcome
- pollinator speciese0
- Value
- twoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two pollinator species were associated with Ficus obtusifolia”
Claim · model-written summary
Fig wasp samples from the same host had higher Jaccard similarity, indicating host-specific community composition.
Verbatim
e0“The Jaccard similarity index was higher in samples of fig wasps collected in the same host, indicating that the community composition was specific to each host species.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fig wasp networks showed low connectance and low partner diversity.
Verbatim
e0“Community structure indices indicate a specialized structure with low connectance, high bidimensional Shannon H2’ and low partner diversity.”
e1“the fig wasp communities analyzed are highly specialized”
Claim · model-written summary
Fig wasp networks showed high bidimensional Shannon H2’.
Verbatim
e0“Community structure indices indicate a specialized structure with low connectance, high bidimensional Shannon H2’ and low partner diversity.”
e1“the fig wasp communities analyzed are highly specialized”
Claim · model-written summary
Fig wasp communities formed modular webs, with each host and associated insects representing a module.
Verbatim
e0“The communities present a modular web structure in which modules were represented by each host and its associated insect species.”
e1“the fig wasp communities analyzed are highly specialized”
Claim · model-written summary
The analyzed fig wasp communities were highly specialized despite some species lacking strict host specificity.
Verbatim
e0“These results indicate that the fig wasp communities analyzed are highly specialized, despite a few not strictly host-specific species.”