Abstract
We present an integrative molecular and morphological study of subaquatic representatives of the genus Pseudohygrohypnum (Pylaisiaceae, Bryophyta), supplemented by distribution modelling of the revealed phylogenetic lineages. Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and plastid datasets combined with the assemble species by automatic partitioning (ASAP) algorithm revealed eight distinct species within the traditionally circumscribed P. eugyrium and P. subeugyrium . These species are therefore yet another example of seemingly widely distributed taxa that harbour molecularly well-differentiated lineages with narrower distribution ranges. Studied accessions that were previously assigned to P. eugyrium form three clearly allopatric lineages, associated with temperate regions of Europe, eastern North America and eastern Asia. Remarkably, accessions falling under the current morphological concept of P. subeugyrium were shown to be even more diverse, containing five phylogenetic lineages. Three of these lineages occur under harsh Asian continental climates from cool-temperate to Arctic regions, while the remaining two, referred to P. subeugyrium s.str. and P. purpurascens , have more oceanic North Atlantic and East Asian distributions. Niche identity and similarity tests suggested no similarity in the distributions of the phylogenetically related lineages but revealed the identity of two East Asian species and the similarity of two pairs of unrelated species. A morphological survey confirmed the distinctness of all eight phylogenetic lineages, requiring the description of five new species. Pseudohygrohypnum appalachianum and P. orientale are described for North American and East Asian plants of P. eugyrium s.l., while P. sibiricum , P. subarcticum and P. neglectum are described for the three continental, predominantly Asian lineages of P. subeugyrium s.l. Our results highlight the importance of nontropical Asia as a center of bryophyte diversity. Phylogenic dating suggests that the diversification of subaquatic Pseudohygrohypnum lineages appeared in late Miocene, while mesophilous species of the genus split before Miocene cooling, in climatic conditions close to those where the ancestor of Pseudohygrohypnum appeared. We speculate that radiation of the P. subeugyrium complex in temperate Asia might have been driven by progressive cooling, aridification, and increases in seasonality, temperature and humidity gradients. Our results parallel those of several integrative taxonomic studies of North Asian mosses, which have resulted in a number of newly revealed species. These include various endemics from continental areas of Asia suggesting that the so-called Rapoport’s rule of low diversity and wide distribution range in subpolar regions might not be applicable to bryophytes. Rather, the strong climatic oscillations in these regions may have served as a driving force of speciation and niche divergence.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Phylogenetic analyses revealed eight distinct species within P. eugyrium and P. subeugyrium.
- Taxon
- PseudohygrohypnumPseudohygrohypnumt0
- Outcome
- distinct speciese0
- Value
- eighte0
Verbatim
t0“subaquatic species of Pseudohygrohypnum”
e0“revealed eight distinct species within the traditionally circumscribed P. eugyrium and P. subeugyrium”
Claim · model-written summary
Accessions previously assigned to P. eugyrium form three allopatric lineages associated with temperate Europe, eastern North America and eastern Asia.
- Taxon
- PseudohygrohypnumPseudohygrohypnumt0
- Outcome
- allopatric lineagese0
- Value
- threee0
- Setting
- temperate regions of Europee0
Verbatim
t0“subaquatic species of Pseudohygrohypnum”
e0“Studied accessions that were previously assigned to P. eugyrium form three clearly allopatric lineages, associated with temperate regions of Europe, eastern North America and eastern Asia”
Claim · model-written summary
Accessions assigned to P. subeugyrium contain five phylogenetic lineages.
- Taxon
- PseudohygrohypnumPseudohygrohypnumt0
- Outcome
- phylogenetic lineagese0
- Value
- fivee0
Verbatim
t0“subaquatic species of Pseudohygrohypnum”
e0“accessions falling under the current morphological concept of P. subeugyrium were shown to be even more diverse, containing five phylogenetic lineages”
Claim · model-written summary
Three of the P. subeugyrium lineages occur under harsh Asian continental climates from cool-temperate to Arctic regions.
- Taxon
- PseudohygrohypnumPseudohygrohypnumt0
- Outcome
- occur under harsh Asian continental climatese0
- Setting
- cool-temperate to Arctic regionse0
Verbatim
t0“subaquatic species of Pseudohygrohypnum”
e0“Three of these lineages occur under harsh Asian continental climates from cool-temperate to Arctic regions”
Claim · model-written summary
The remaining two P. subeugyrium lineages have more oceanic North Atlantic and East Asian distributions.
- Taxon
- PseudohygrohypnumPseudohygrohypnumt0
- Outcome
- distributionse0
- Setting
- more oceanic North Atlantic and East Asiane0
Verbatim
t0“subaquatic species of Pseudohygrohypnum”
e0“while the remaining two, referred to P. subeugyrium s.str. and P. purpurascens , have more oceanic North Atlantic and East Asian distributions”
Claim · model-written summary
Niche identity and similarity tests suggested no similarity in the distributions of phylogenetically related lineages.
- Taxon
- PseudohygrohypnumPseudohygrohypnumt0
- Outcome
- no similarity in the distributionse0
Verbatim
t0“subaquatic species of Pseudohygrohypnum”
e0“Niche identity and similarity tests suggested no similarity in the distributions of the phylogenetically related lineages but revealed the identity of two East Asian species and the similarity of two pairs of unrelated species”
Claim · model-written summary
Niche tests revealed the identity of two East Asian Pseudohygrohypnum species.
- Taxon
- PseudohygrohypnumPseudohygrohypnumt0
- Outcome
- identity of two East Asian speciese0
Verbatim
t0“subaquatic species of Pseudohygrohypnum”
e0“Niche identity and similarity tests suggested no similarity in the distributions of the phylogenetically related lineages but revealed the identity of two East Asian species and the similarity of two pairs of unrelated species”
Claim · model-written summary
Niche tests revealed similarity of two pairs of unrelated Pseudohygrohypnum species.
- Taxon
- PseudohygrohypnumPseudohygrohypnumt0
- Outcome
- similarity of two pairs of unrelated speciese0
Verbatim
t0“subaquatic species of Pseudohygrohypnum”
e0“Niche identity and similarity tests suggested no similarity in the distributions of the phylogenetically related lineages but revealed the identity of two East Asian species and the similarity of two pairs of unrelated species”
Claim · model-written summary
A morphological survey confirmed the distinctness of all eight phylogenetic lineages.
- Taxon
- PseudohygrohypnumPseudohygrohypnumt0
- Outcome
- distinctness of all eight phylogenetic lineagese0
Verbatim
t0“subaquatic species of Pseudohygrohypnum”
e0“A morphological survey confirmed the distinctness of all eight phylogenetic lineages, requiring the description of five new species”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudohygrohypnum appalachianum and P. orientale are described as new species for North American and East Asian plants.
- Taxon
- Pseudohygrohypnum appalachianum and P. orientalePseudohygrohypnum appalachianumPseudohygrohypnum orientalee0
- Outcome
- are describede0
Verbatim
e0“Pseudohygrohypnum appalachianum and P. orientale are described for North American and East Asian plants of P. eugyrium s.l.”
Claim · model-written summary
P. sibiricum, P. subarcticum and P. neglectum are described as new species for three continental Asian lineages.
- Taxon
- P. sibiricum , P. subarcticum and P. neglectumPseudohygrohypnum neglectumPseudohygrohypnum sibiricumPseudohygrohypnum subarcticume0
- Outcome
- are describede0
Verbatim
e0“P. sibiricum , P. subarcticum and P. neglectum are described for the three continental, predominantly Asian lineages of P. subeugyrium s.l.”
Claim · model-written summary
Phylogenetic dating suggests that diversification of subaquatic Pseudohygrohypnum lineages appeared in the late Miocene.
- Taxon
- PseudohygrohypnumPseudohygrohypnumt0
- Outcome
- the diversification of subaquatic Pseudohygrohypnum lineagese0
- Qualifier
- appeared in late Miocenee0
Verbatim
t0“subaquatic species of Pseudohygrohypnum”
e0“Phylogenic dating suggests that the diversification of subaquatic Pseudohygrohypnum lineages appeared in late Miocene”
Claim · model-written summary
Mesophilous Pseudohygrohypnum species split before Miocene cooling.
- Taxon
- PseudohygrohypnumPseudohygrohypnumt0
- Outcome
- mesophilous species of the genus splite0
- Qualifier
- before Miocene coolinge0
Verbatim
t0“subaquatic species of Pseudohygrohypnum”
e0“while mesophilous species of the genus split before Miocene cooling, in climatic conditions close to those where the ancestor of Pseudohygrohypnum appeared”
Claim · model-written summary
Radiation of the P. subeugyrium complex in temperate Asia might have been driven by progressive cooling, aridification and increased seasonality and gradients.
- Taxon
- PseudohygrohypnumPseudohygrohypnumt0
- Outcome
- radiation of the P. subeugyrium complexe0
- Qualifier
- progressive cooling, aridification, and increases in seasonality, temperature and humidity gradientse0
Verbatim
t0“subaquatic species of Pseudohygrohypnum”
e0“We speculate that radiation of the P. subeugyrium complex in temperate Asia might have been driven by progressive cooling, aridification, and increases in seasonality, temperature and humidity gradients”