Abstract
Most plants of Kadsura have economic value and medicinal application. Among them, K. interior and its closely related species have been demonstrated to have definite efficacy. However, the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationship of Kadsura in terms of morphology and commonly used gene regions remain controversial, which adversely affects its rational application. In this study, a total of 107 individuals of K. interior , K. heteroclita , K. longipedunculata , K. oblongifolia , and K. coccinea were studied from the perspectives of genetic diversity, phylogeny, and ecology via single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) developed through restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq). Based on these SNPs, the genetic diversity, phylogenetic reconstruction, and population genetic structure were analyzed. Subsequently, divergence time estimation and differentiation scenario simulation were performed. Meanwhile, according to the species distribution records and bioclimatic variables, the Last Glacial Maximum and current potential distributions of five species were constructed, and the main ecological factors affecting the distribution of different species were extracted. The F ST calculated showed that there was a moderate degree of differentiation among K. heteroclita , K. longipedunculata , and K. oblongifolia , and there was a high degree of genetic differentiation between K. interior and the above species. The phylogenetic tree indicated that each of the species was monophyletic. The results of population genetic structure and divergence scenario simulation and D-statistics showed that there were admixture and gene flow among K. heteroclita , K. longipedunculata , and K. oblongifolia . The results of ecological niche modeling indicated that the distribution areas and the bioclimatic variables affecting the distribution of K. interior and its related species were different. This study explored the differences in the genetic divergence and geographical distribution patterns of K. interior and its related species, clarifying the uniqueness of K. interior compared to its relatives and providing a reference for their rational application in the future.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Three related Kadsura species showed moderate genetic differentiation.
- Taxon
- K. heteroclita , K. longipedunculata , and K. oblongifolia
Kadsura heteroclitaKadsura longipedunculataKadsura oblongifoliae0 - Outcome
- differentiatione0
- Direction
- moderatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was a moderate degree of differentiation among K. heteroclita , K. longipedunculata , and K. oblongifolia , and there was a high degree of genetic differentiation between K. interior and the above species.”
Claim · model-written summary
K. interior showed high genetic differentiation from those related species.
- Taxon
- K. interiorKadsura interiore0
- Outcome
- genetic differentiatione0
- Direction
- highe0
- Comparator
- the above speciese0
Verbatim
e0“there was a moderate degree of differentiation among K. heteroclita , K. longipedunculata , and K. oblongifolia , and there was a high degree of genetic differentiation between K. interior and the above species.”
Claim · model-written summary
Each studied Kadsura species was monophyletic.
- Taxon
- Kadsura interiorKadsura interiort0
- Outcome
- monophyletice0
Verbatim
e0“The phylogenetic tree indicated that each of the species was monophyletic.”
t0“Kadsura interior”
Claim · model-written summary
admixture occurred among three related Kadsura species.
- Taxon
- K. heteroclita , K. longipedunculata , and K. oblongifoliaKadsura heteroclitaKadsura longipedunculataKadsura oblongifoliae0
- Outcome
- admixturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there were admixture and gene flow among K. heteroclita , K. longipedunculata , and K. oblongifolia .”
Claim · model-written summary
gene flow occurred among three related Kadsura species.
- Taxon
- K. heteroclita , K. longipedunculata , and K. oblongifoliaKadsura heteroclitaKadsura longipedunculataKadsura oblongifoliae0
- Outcome
- gene flowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there were admixture and gene flow among K. heteroclita , K. longipedunculata , and K. oblongifolia .”
Claim · model-written summary
distribution areas differed between K. interior and related species.
- Taxon
- K. interiorKadsura interiore0
- Outcome
- distribution arease0
- Direction
- differente0
- Comparator
- its related speciese0
Verbatim
e0“the distribution areas and the bioclimatic variables affecting the distribution of K. interior and its related species were different.”
Claim · model-written summary
bioclimatic variables affecting the distribution differed between K. interior and related species.
- Taxon
- K. interiorKadsura interiore0
- Outcome
- bioclimatic variables affecting the distributione0
- Direction
- differente0
- Comparator
- its related speciese0
Verbatim
e0“the distribution areas and the bioclimatic variables affecting the distribution of K. interior and its related species were different.”