Abstract
Antifungal efficacy of Azotobacter salinestris against trichothecene-producing Fusarium spp. was investigated in maize, sorghum, and wheat. The three cereals were subjected to four treatments as control (T1), Fusarium alone (T2), combination of Fusarium and A. salinestris treatment (T3), and only A. salinestris (T4). All the treatments were evaluated for total mass of seedlings, root and shoot length, seed germination, and vigor index (VI), and extent of rhizoplane colonization by A. salinestris was investigated. Further, greenhouse studies were conducted to learn the efficacy of A. salinestris in vivo conditions. Antifungal efficacy was tested by the dual-culture method which resulted in significant reduction in Fusarium growth. Infection by Fusarium was reduced up to 50% in treated cereals such as maize, sorghum, and wheat, and there was also significant increase in seedling mass in the three hosts. Maize showed the highest VI (1859.715), followed by sorghum (1470.84), and wheat (2804.123) with A. salinestris treatment. In addition, seed germination was enhanced to 76% in maize, 69% in sorghum, and 68% in wheat, respectively. Efficacy of rhizoplane colonization showed successful isolation of A. salinestris with high CFU rate, and furthermore, significant colonization inhibition by Fusarium spp. was observed. In the greenhouse conditions, on the 45th day of the experimental set-up, the highest shoot length/root length recorded in maize was 155.70/70.0 cm, in sorghum 165.90/48.0 cm, and in wheat 77.85/56.0 cm, and the maximum root mass recorded was 17.53 g in maize, 4.52 g in sorghum, and 1.90 g in wheat. Our present study showed that seed treatment by A. salinestris, may be used as an alternate biocontrol method against Fusarium infection in maize, sorghum, and wheat.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Azotobacter treatment reduced Fusarium infection in maize by up to 50%.
Zea mays
FusariumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infection by Fusarium was reduced up to 50% in treated cereals such as maize, sorghum, and wheat, and there was also significant increase in seedling mass in the three hosts.”
Claim · model-written summary
Azotobacter treatment significantly increased maize seedling mass.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infection by Fusarium was reduced up to 50% in treated cereals such as maize, sorghum, and wheat, and there was also significant increase in seedling mass in the three hosts.”
Claim · model-written summary
Azotobacter treatment reduced Fusarium infection in sorghum by up to 50%.
SorghumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infection by Fusarium was reduced up to 50% in treated cereals such as maize, sorghum, and wheat, and there was also significant increase in seedling mass in the three hosts.”
Claim · model-written summary
Azotobacter treatment significantly increased sorghum seedling mass.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infection by Fusarium was reduced up to 50% in treated cereals such as maize, sorghum, and wheat, and there was also significant increase in seedling mass in the three hosts.”
Claim · model-written summary
Azotobacter treatment reduced Fusarium infection in wheat by up to 50%.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- treated cerealse0
- Outcome
- Infection by Fusariume0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- up to 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infection by Fusarium was reduced up to 50% in treated cereals such as maize, sorghum, and wheat, and there was also significant increase in seedling mass in the three hosts.”
Claim · model-written summary
Azotobacter treatment significantly increased wheat seedling mass.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- treated cerealse0
- Outcome
- seedling masse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infection by Fusarium was reduced up to 50% in treated cereals such as maize, sorghum, and wheat, and there was also significant increase in seedling mass in the three hosts.”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize had vigor index 1859.715 under A. salinestris treatment.
- Treatment
- A. salinestris treatmente0
- Interactor
- A. salinestrisAzotobacter salinestrise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- VIe0
- Value
- 1859.715e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize showed the highest VI (1859.715), followed by sorghum (1470.84), and wheat (2804.123) with A. salinestris treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
sorghum had vigor index 1470.84 under A. salinestris treatment.
- Treatment
- A. salinestris treatmente0
- Interactor
- A. salinestrisAzotobacter salinestrise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- VIe0
- Value
- 1470.84e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize showed the highest VI (1859.715), followed by sorghum (1470.84), and wheat (2804.123) with A. salinestris treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
wheat had vigor index 2804.123 under A. salinestris treatment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- A. salinestris treatmente0
- Interactor
- A. salinestrisAzotobacter salinestrise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- VIe0
- Value
- 2804.123e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize showed the highest VI (1859.715), followed by sorghum (1470.84), and wheat (2804.123) with A. salinestris treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed germination in maize was enhanced to 76%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In addition, seed germination was enhanced to 76% in maize, 69% in sorghum, and 68% in wheat, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed germination in sorghum was enhanced to 69%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In addition, seed germination was enhanced to 76% in maize, 69% in sorghum, and 68% in wheat, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed germination in wheat was enhanced to 68%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 68%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In addition, seed germination was enhanced to 76% in maize, 69% in sorghum, and 68% in wheat, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual culture with Azotobacter significantly reduced Fusarium growth.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Antifungal efficacy was tested by the dual-culture method which resulted in significant reduction in Fusarium growth.”
t0“Cereals”
Claim · model-written summary
Azotobacter colonized the rhizoplane at a high CFU rate.
- Taxon
- cerealst0
- Interactor
- A. salinestrisAzotobacter salinestrise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- rhizoplane colonizatione0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Efficacy of rhizoplane colonization showed successful isolation of A. salinestris with high CFU rate”
t0“Cereals”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium significantly inhibited Azotobacter rhizoplane colonization.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant colonization inhibition by Fusarium spp. was observed.”
t0“Cereals”
Claim · model-written summary
At day 45 in the greenhouse, maize had the reported peak shoot/root length and root mass.
- Outcome
- shoot length/root lengthe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 155.70/70.0 cme0
- Qualifier
- on the 45th daye0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the greenhouse conditions, on the 45th day of the experimental set-up, the highest shoot length/root length recorded in maize was 155.70/70.0 cm, in sorghum 165.90/48.0 cm, and in wheat 77.85/56.0 cm, and the maximum root mass recorded was 17.53 g in maize, 4.52 g in sorghum, and 1.90 g in wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
At day 45 in the greenhouse, sorghum had the reported peak shoot/root length and root mass.
- Outcome
- shoot length/root lengthe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 165.90/48.0 cme0
- Qualifier
- on the 45th daye0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the greenhouse conditions, on the 45th day of the experimental set-up, the highest shoot length/root length recorded in maize was 155.70/70.0 cm, in sorghum 165.90/48.0 cm, and in wheat 77.85/56.0 cm, and the maximum root mass recorded was 17.53 g in maize, 4.52 g in sorghum, and 1.90 g in wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
At day 45 in the greenhouse, wheat had the reported peak shoot/root length and root mass.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- shoot length/root lengthe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 77.85/56.0 cme0
- Qualifier
- on the 45th daye0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the greenhouse conditions, on the 45th day of the experimental set-up, the highest shoot length/root length recorded in maize was 155.70/70.0 cm, in sorghum 165.90/48.0 cm, and in wheat 77.85/56.0 cm, and the maximum root mass recorded was 17.53 g in maize, 4.52 g in sorghum, and 1.90 g in wheat.”