Abstract
Kernel smut, Neovossia horrida (Tilletia barclayana), of rice (Oryza sativa L.) has been a persistent disease in Arkansas for more than 50 yr. Recently, epidemic levels of kernel smut have occurred on highly susceptible cultivars, which have increased awareness within the rice industry of this disease. Nitrogen fertilization treatments consisting of four preflood (50–152 kg N ha−1) and three midseason (0–100 kg N ha−1) N rates were arranged in a factorial design and used to delineate the effects of N rate and application timing on rice yield and disease incidence and severity in five site-year–cultivar studies (environments). Significant environment × preflood N rate interactions occurred for yield, incidence, and severity. The minimum preflood N rates, averaged across midseason N rates, that produced maximum yields varied among the environments and ranged from 84 to 152 kg N ha−1. Depending on the environment, disease incidence ranged from 2 to 93% and severity ranged from <0.1 to 4.8% among preflood N rates. Preflood N rate had no significant effect on smut incidence and severity for three environments receiving optimum-to-excessive N and a fourth environment receiving inadequate-to-optimum N. For the remaining environment that received optimum-to-excessive N, incidence increased linearly (43–93%), and severity increased nonlinearly (0.5–4.8%) as preflood N rate increased. Midseason N rate did not affect severity but caused a positive, linear increase for incidence. Data suggest that excessive preflood N has the greater potential to increase kernel smut but only when environmental conditions are favorable for kernel smut.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Environment and preflood N rate interacted significantly for yield, incidence and severity.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- preflood N ratee0
- Outcome
- yield, incidence, and severitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant environment × preflood N rate interactions occurred for yield, incidence, and severity.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Preflood N rates for maximum yield ranged from 84 to 152 kg N ha−1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- maximum yieldse0
- Value
- 84 to 152 kg N ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The minimum preflood N rates, averaged across midseason N rates, that produced maximum yields varied among the environments and ranged from 84 to 152 kg N ha−1.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Smut incidence ranged from 2 to 93%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Value
- 2 to 93%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Depending on the environment, disease incidence ranged from 2 to 93% and severity ranged from <0.1 to 4.8% among preflood N rates.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Smut severity ranged from <0.1 to 4.8%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- severitye0
- Value
- <0.1 to 4.8%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Depending on the environment, disease incidence ranged from 2 to 93% and severity ranged from <0.1 to 4.8% among preflood N rates.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Preflood N rate had no significant effect on smut incidence and severity in four environments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Preflood N ratee0
- Outcome
- smut incidence and severitye0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Preflood N rate had no significant effect on smut incidence and severity for three environments receiving optimum-to-excessive N and a fourth environment receiving inadequate-to-optimum N.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Smut incidence increased linearly from 43 to 93% with preflood N rate in one environment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- preflood N ratee0
- Outcome
- incidencee0
- Direction
- increased linearlye0
- Value
- 43–93%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“incidence increased linearly (43–93%), and severity increased nonlinearly (0.5–4.8%) as preflood N rate increased.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Smut severity increased nonlinearly from 0.5 to 4.8% with preflood N rate.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- preflood N ratee0
- Outcome
- severitye0
- Direction
- increased nonlinearlye0
- Value
- 0.5–4.8%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“incidence increased linearly (43–93%), and severity increased nonlinearly (0.5–4.8%) as preflood N rate increased.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Midseason N rate did not affect smut severity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Midseason N ratee0
- Outcome
- severitye0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Midseason N rate did not affect severity but caused a positive, linear increase for incidence.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Midseason N rate increased smut incidence linearly.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Midseason N ratee0
- Outcome
- incidencee0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Midseason N rate did not affect severity but caused a positive, linear increase for incidence.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive preflood N may increase smut when environmental conditions favor it.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- potential to increase kernel smute0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Data suggest that excessive preflood N has the greater potential to increase kernel smut but only when environmental conditions are favorable for kernel smut.”
t0“Rice”
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