Abstract
Seeds from soybean collected from different commercial markets were surveyed for seed-borne fungi. Ninetyeight fungal colonies were isolated all over three monthly isolations constituting twenty-two fungal species. The isolated fungi were belonging to the genera: Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cephalosporium, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Colletotrichum, Curvularia, Fusarium, Macrophomina, Mucor, Penicillium, Rhizoctonia, Rhizopus, Sclerotium, Stemphylium, and Verticillium. Assay of the antifungal activity of four ethanolic extracts of clove, cinnamon, garlic, and mint was carried out against the most common fungal species (Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Fusarium solani, F. oxysporium, and F. moniliforme), which significantly reduced the growth of tested fungi. Clove extract recorded the highest antimicrobial potentiality against the seed-borne fungal species, followed by cinnamon, garlic, and mint. Clove and cinnamon achieved minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values less than that of the reference antifungal drug fluconazole. Simultaneously, garlic and mint recorded MIC values equal to or higher than that of control. A combination of clove and cinnamon, clove and garlic, cinnamon and garlic, cinnamon, and mint extracts increased the mean relative activity percentage. They decreased MIC values below their values when used individually; this indicated synergistic interaction between the two extracts. A combination of clove with mint and garlic with mint recorded a decrease in the percentage of mean relative activity and an increase in MIC values than their values when used individually, indicating antagonistic interaction between them.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Ninetyeight fungal colonies were isolated from soybean seeds over three monthly isolations.
- Taxon
- Glycine max L. Merr.
Glycine maxt0 - Outcome
- fungal colonies were isolatede1
- Value
- Ninetyeighte1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max L. Merr. seeds”
e1“Ninetyeight fungal colonies were isolated all over three monthly isolations constituting twenty-two fungal species”
Claim · model-written summary
The isolates comprised twenty-two fungal species.
- Taxon
- Glycine max L. Merr.Glycine maxt0
- Outcome
- fungal speciese1
- Value
- twenty-twoe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max L. Merr. seeds”
e1“Ninetyeight fungal colonies were isolated all over three monthly isolations constituting twenty-two fungal species”
Claim · model-written summary
Clove extract significantly reduced the growth of tested fungi.
- Taxon
- Glycine max L. Merr.Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- clovee2
- Interactor
- tested fungie3pathogen
- Outcome
- growth of tested fungie3
- Direction
- reducede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max L. Merr. seeds”
e2“Assay of the antifungal activity of four ethanolic extracts of clove, cinnamon, garlic, and mint was carried out against the most common fungal species”
e3“which significantly reduced the growth of tested fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
Cinnamon extract significantly reduced the growth of tested fungi.
- Taxon
- Glycine max L. Merr.Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- cinnamone2
- Interactor
- tested fungie3pathogen
- Outcome
- growth of tested fungie3
- Direction
- reducede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max L. Merr. seeds”
e2“Assay of the antifungal activity of four ethanolic extracts of clove, cinnamon, garlic, and mint was carried out against the most common fungal species”
e3“which significantly reduced the growth of tested fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic extract significantly reduced the growth of tested fungi.
- Taxon
- Glycine max L. Merr.Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- garlice2
- Interactor
- tested fungie3pathogen
- Outcome
- growth of tested fungie3
- Direction
- reducede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max L. Merr. seeds”
e2“Assay of the antifungal activity of four ethanolic extracts of clove, cinnamon, garlic, and mint was carried out against the most common fungal species”
e3“which significantly reduced the growth of tested fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
Mint extract significantly reduced the growth of tested fungi.
- Taxon
- Glycine max L. Merr.Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- minte2
- Interactor
- tested fungie3pathogen
- Outcome
- growth of tested fungie3
- Direction
- reducede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max L. Merr. seeds”
e2“Assay of the antifungal activity of four ethanolic extracts of clove, cinnamon, garlic, and mint was carried out against the most common fungal species”
e3“which significantly reduced the growth of tested fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
Clove extract had the highest antimicrobial potential against the seed-borne fungi.
- Taxon
- Glycine max L. Merr.Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Clove extracte4
- Interactor
- seed-borne fungal speciese4pathogen
- Outcome
- antimicrobial potentialitye4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Comparator
- cinnamon, garlic, and minte4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max L. Merr. seeds”
e4“Clove extract recorded the highest antimicrobial potentiality against the seed-borne fungal species, followed by cinnamon, garlic, and mint”
Claim · model-written summary
Clove and cinnamon extracts had MIC values lower than the reference drug fluconazole.
- Taxon
- Glycine max L. Merr.Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Clove and cinnamone5
- Outcome
- minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) valuese5
- Direction
- less thane5
- Comparator
- reference antifungal drug fluconazolee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max L. Merr. seeds”
e5“Clove and cinnamon achieved minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values less than that of the reference antifungal drug fluconazole”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic and mint extracts had MIC values equal to or higher than the control.
- Taxon
- Glycine max L. Merr.Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- garlic and minte6
- Outcome
- MIC valuese6
- Direction
- equal to or highere6
- Comparator
- controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max L. Merr. seeds”
e6“Simultaneously, garlic and mint recorded MIC values equal to or higher than that of control”
Claim · model-written summary
Combinations of clove and cinnamon, clove and garlic, and cinnamon and garlic increased the mean relative activity percentage.
- Taxon
- Glycine max L. Merr.Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- A combination of clove and cinnamon, clove and garlic, cinnamon and garlice7
- Outcome
- mean relative activity percentagee7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max L. Merr. seeds”
e7“A combination of clove and cinnamon, clove and garlic, cinnamon and garlic, cinnamon, and mint extracts increased the mean relative activity percentage”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of cinnamon and mint extracts increased the mean relative activity percentage.
- Taxon
- Glycine max L. Merr.Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- cinnamon, and mint extractse7
- Outcome
- mean relative activity percentagee7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max L. Merr. seeds”
e7“A combination of clove and cinnamon, clove and garlic, cinnamon and garlic, cinnamon, and mint extracts increased the mean relative activity percentage”
Claim · model-written summary
Clove with cinnamon, clove with garlic, and cinnamon with garlic decreased MIC values below their individual values, indicating synergy.
- Taxon
- Glycine max L. Merr.Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- A combination of clove and cinnamon, clove and garlic, cinnamon and garlice7
- Outcome
- MIC valuese2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Qualifier
- synergistic interactione2
- Comparator
- when used individuallye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max L. Merr. seeds”
e7“A combination of clove and cinnamon, clove and garlic, cinnamon and garlic, cinnamon, and mint extracts increased the mean relative activity percentage”
e2“They decreased MIC values below their values when used individually; this indicated synergistic interaction between the two extracts”
Claim · model-written summary
Clove with mint and garlic with mint decreased the percentage of mean relative activity.
- Taxon
- Glycine max L. Merr.Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- A combination of clove with mint and garlic with minte1
- Outcome
- percentage of mean relative activitye1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Comparator
- when used individuallye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max L. Merr. seeds”
e1“A combination of clove with mint and garlic with mint recorded a decrease in the percentage of mean relative activity”
e2“an increase in MIC values than their values when used individually, indicating antagonistic interaction between them”
Claim · model-written summary
Clove with mint and garlic with mint increased MIC values above their individual values, indicating antagonism.
- Taxon
- Glycine max L. Merr.Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- A combination of clove with mint and garlic with minte1
- Outcome
- MIC valuese2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Qualifier
- antagonistic interactione2
- Comparator
- when used individuallye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max L. Merr. seeds”
e1“A combination of clove with mint and garlic with mint recorded a decrease in the percentage of mean relative activity”
e2“an increase in MIC values than their values when used individually, indicating antagonistic interaction between them”
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