Abstract
Laboratory bioassays were conducted in Calabar Nigeria to compare the efficacies of single compounds and the synthetic blends of extracts from A. melegueta and X. aethiopica in controlling Sitophilus zeamais, a primary pest of stored maize in sub-Saharan Africa. Insect culture of the adult S. zeamais was prepared in the laboratory at the University of Calabar to obtain fresh insects for the experimental works. Dried seeds of A. Melegueta (R. schum) and fruits of X. aethiopica (Dunal), A. Rich were procured from a local market in Obudu for the purpose of the work. 100g each of the spice plants were pounded separately using laboratory pestle and mortar for the extraction of essential oils (EOS). The essential oils extracted were tested for repellence and toxicity against S. zeamais at 10µl per essential oil in a 4 –way olfactometer. The chemical constituents of the essential oils (Eos) were isolated and identified and then tested for repellence and toxicity against the S. zeamais. Synthetic blends of the chemical constituents were prepared based on their natural rations. The synthetic blends were also tested for repellence and toxicity against the insect pest. Results indicated that the essential oils and their constituents as individual compounds were significantly (p<0.05) repellent and toxic to S. zeamais. However, the synthetic blends of the chemical constituents were highly repellent and toxic to the insect pest than the single compounds of the essential oils (Eos), thereby providing a broad spectrum of bioactivity against S. zeamais. The synthetic blend of A. melegueta was more repellent to the insect than that of X. aethiopica. This action of the synthetic blends demonstrated their potential for development in Stored Products Protection especially at the small scale resource poor farmer’s level in Nigeria.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Essential oils from the spice plants significantly repelled S. zeamais.
- Treatment
- essential oilse0
- Interactor
- S. zeamais
Sitophilus zeamaise0peste2 - Outcome
- repellente0
Zea maysNot reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“essential oils and their constituents as individual compounds were significantly (p<0.05) repellent and toxic to S. zeamais.”
e1“essential oils extracted”
e2“pest of stored maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Essential oils from the spice plants were significantly toxic to S. zeamais.
- Treatment
- essential oilse0
- Interactor
- S. zeamaisSitophilus zeamaise0peste1
- Outcome
- toxic to S. zeamaise0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“essential oils and their constituents as individual compounds were significantly (p<0.05) repellent and toxic to S. zeamais.”
e1“pest of stored maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Individual essential-oil constituents significantly repelled S. zeamais.
- Treatment
- their constituents as individual compoundse0
- Interactor
- S. zeamaisSitophilus zeamaise0peste1
- Outcome
- repellente0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“essential oils and their constituents as individual compounds were significantly (p<0.05) repellent and toxic to S. zeamais.”
e1“pest of stored maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Individual essential-oil constituents were significantly toxic to S. zeamais.
- Treatment
- their constituents as individual compoundse0
- Interactor
- S. zeamaisSitophilus zeamaise0peste1
- Outcome
- toxic to S. zeamaise0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“essential oils and their constituents as individual compounds were significantly (p<0.05) repellent and toxic to S. zeamais.”
e1“pest of stored maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Synthetic constituent blends were more repellent to S. zeamais than single compounds.
- Treatment
- synthetic blends of the chemical constituentse0
- Interactor
- S. zeamaisSitophilus zeamaise1peste2
- Outcome
- repellente0
- Direction
- highlye0
- Comparator
- single compounds of the essential oils (Eos)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“synthetic blends of the chemical constituents were highly repellent and toxic to the insect pest than the single compounds of the essential oils (Eos)”
e1“toxicity against S. zeamais at 10µl”
e2“pest of stored maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Synthetic constituent blends were more toxic to S. zeamais than single compounds.
- Treatment
- synthetic blends of the chemical constituentse0
- Interactor
- S. zeamaisSitophilus zeamaise1peste2
- Outcome
- toxic to the insect peste0
- Direction
- highlye0
- Comparator
- single compounds of the essential oils (Eos)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“synthetic blends of the chemical constituents were highly repellent and toxic to the insect pest than the single compounds of the essential oils (Eos)”
e1“toxicity against S. zeamais at 10µl”
e2“pest of stored maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The A. melegueta synthetic blend repelled the insect more than the X. aethiopica blend.
- Treatment
- synthetic blend of A. meleguetae0
- Interactor
- S. zeamaisSitophilus zeamaise2pest
- Outcome
- repellent to the insecte0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- X. aethiopicae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“synthetic blend of A. melegueta was more repellent to the insect than that of X. aethiopica.”
e1“stored maize”
e2“toxicity against S. zeamais at 10µl”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identify synthetic blends as potentially useful for stored-product protection for small-scale farmers.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“synthetic blends demonstrated their potential for development in Stored Products Protection especially at the small scale resource poor farmer’s level in Nigeria.”
e1“stored maize”
The same questions in other papers
botanical · Sitophilus zeamais · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
112 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- no effect
113 papers more in this group
See all 117 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.