Abstract
Lodging has a negative effect on rice production and leads to a great loss in yield and quality. It is necessary to clarify the effects of straw return measures coupled with rice-duck co-culture on lodging and to explore a measure that can improve lodging resistance. A randomized block experiment with six treatments (rice monoculture (RNN), rice-duck co-culture (RND), direct straw return and rice monoculture (RSN), direct straw return coupled with rice-duck co-culture (RSD), straw carbon and rice monoculture (RBN), and straw carbon coupled with rice-duck co-culture (RBD)) was conducted to investigate the mechanism of the change in lodging resistance. RNN’s rice yield was 6258.02 kg ha−1. The yield of RND, RSN, RSD, and RBN increased by 15.51, 3.06, 10.23, and 1.59%, respectively, while RBD decreased by 5.01% relative to RNN. Direct straw return and straw biochar return coupled with rice-duck co-culture has both negative and positive effects on lodging resistance because of its properties. The stem’s mechanical properties were mainly decided by weight, length, plumpness, and culm anatomy. The increased bending moment at breaking, lodging strength, and bending strength with the RND, RSN, RSD, RBN, and RBD treatments increased, indicated an increase in lodging resistance. Our results clearly demonstrate that direct straw return and straw biochar return coupled with rice-duck co-culture could increase the lodging resistance. In total, rice-duck co-culture could increase the lodging resistance with a higher yield. Compared to straw biochar application, straw return can stabilize the yield and improve the lodging resistance of rice. Thus, direct straw return coupled with rice-duck co-culture should be explored for improving lodging resistance under the condition of ensuring yield.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
RNN rice yielded 6258.02 kg ha−1.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Material
- RNNe0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Value
- 6258.02 kg ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RNN’s rice yield was 6258.02 kg ha−1”
Claim · model-written summary
RND increased yield by 15.51% versus RNN.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield of RND, RSN, RSD, and RBN increased by 15.51, 3.06, 10.23, and 1.59%, respectively, while RBD decreased by 5.01% relative to RNN”
e1“rice monoculture (RNN)”
Claim · model-written summary
RSN increased yield by 3.06% versus RNN.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield of RND, RSN, RSD, and RBN increased by 15.51, 3.06, 10.23, and 1.59%, respectively, while RBD decreased by 5.01% relative to RNN”
e1“rice monoculture (RNN)”
Claim · model-written summary
RSD increased yield by 10.23% versus RNN.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield of RND, RSN, RSD, and RBN increased by 15.51, 3.06, 10.23, and 1.59%, respectively, while RBD decreased by 5.01% relative to RNN”
e1“rice monoculture (RNN)”
Claim · model-written summary
RBN increased yield by 1.59% versus RNN.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield of RND, RSN, RSD, and RBN increased by 15.51, 3.06, 10.23, and 1.59%, respectively, while RBD decreased by 5.01% relative to RNN”
e1“rice monoculture (RNN)”
Claim · model-written summary
RBD decreased yield by 5.01% versus RNN.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield of RND, RSN, RSD, and RBN increased by 15.51, 3.06, 10.23, and 1.59%, respectively, while RBD decreased by 5.01% relative to RNN”
e1“rice monoculture (RNN)”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw treatments coupled with ducks had both negative and positive lodging effects.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- lodging resistancee0
- Direction
- both negative and positivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Direct straw return and straw biochar return coupled with rice-duck co-culture has both negative and positive effects on lodging resistance because of its properties”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem mechanical properties were mainly determined by weight, length, plumpness and culm anatomy.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- steme0
- Outcome
- stem’s mechanical propertiese0
- Qualifier
- weight, length, plumpness, and culm anatomye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The stem’s mechanical properties were mainly decided by weight, length, plumpness, and culm anatomy”
e1“rice monoculture (RNN)”
Claim · model-written summary
RND, RSN and RSD increased bending moment at breaking, lodging strength and bending strength.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- RND, RSN, RSD, RBN, and RBD treatmentse0
- Outcome
- bending moment at breaking, lodging strength, and bending strengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increased bending moment at breaking, lodging strength, and bending strength with the RND, RSN, RSD, RBN, and RBD treatments increased, indicated an increase in lodging resistance”
e1“rice monoculture (RNN)”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct straw return with ducks could increase lodging resistance.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- direct straw returne0
- Outcome
- lodging resistancee0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“direct straw return and straw biochar return coupled with rice-duck co-culture could increase the lodging resistance”
e1“rice monoculture (RNN)”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw biochar return with ducks could increase lodging resistance.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- straw biochar returne0
- Outcome
- lodging resistancee0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“direct straw return and straw biochar return coupled with rice-duck co-culture could increase the lodging resistance”
e1“rice monoculture (RNN)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice-duck co-culture increased lodging resistance while yielding more.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- lodging resistancee0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice-duck co-culture could increase the lodging resistance with a higher yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return stabilized yield relative to straw biochar.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- straw returne0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- stabilizee0
- Comparator
- straw biochar applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to straw biochar application, straw return can stabilize the yield and improve the lodging resistance of rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return improved lodging resistance relative to straw biochar.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- straw returne0
- Outcome
- lodging resistancee0
- Direction
- improvee0
- Comparator
- straw biochar applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to straw biochar application, straw return can stabilize the yield and improve the lodging resistance of rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend exploring direct straw return with ducks to improve lodging resistance while ensuring yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- improving lodging resistancee0
- Qualifier
- under the condition of ensuring yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“direct straw return coupled with rice-duck co-culture should be explored for improving lodging resistance under the condition of ensuring yield”
e1“rice monoculture (RNN)”
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