Abstract
Bag storage of wheat is common in Asian countries, and common types of such bags include jute bags, woven plastic bags, and hermetic plastic bags. In order to assess infestation by two serious pests, namely Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Trogoderma granarium (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) in these bags, two experiments were performed. In the first experiment, three popular wheat varieties, namely Akbar, Dilkash, and Bakhar star were filled in above-mentioned miniature-size bags which were then placed in jars with three replicates per bag type and variety. Forty insects (adults for R. dominica and larvae for T. granarium) were released in the center of the jars for a period of 30 d in two different setups for both species. Data were recorded twice: after 15 d and 30 d. Results showed insects entered the jute bags only (made invasions due to its loose fibers and openings). Inside the bags, R. dominica caused more weight loss and live insects in Dilkash and Akbar varieties, while T. granarium preferred Bakhar star and Dilkash compared with their third variety. In the second experiment, only two bags, namely woven plastic bags and hermetic plastic bags filled with one variety, were tested to check damage (penetrations because no openings are present in these bags as in jute bags) to the bags. Results showed both species created holes in woven plastic bags but not in hermetic plastic bags. These results showed hermetic plastic bags remained safe from external infestation compared with the other two bags. Sometimes if insects are already present in the grains inside the bags, fumigation is needed from outside to kill the pests inside. To evaluate this, all three bags were filled with a wheat variety and were also infested with both insect species and placed in a fumigation container with nine replicates per bag type. A phosphine tablet (3.0 g) wrapped in muslin cloth was placed in a container which was then sealed, and the fumigation-induced mortality after 24 h was recorded. Results showed mortality was >95% to 100% in woven and jute bags, respectively, while mortality in hermetic plastic bags remained very low (<3%). These results revealed the least fumigant gas permeation in hermetic plastic bags compared with jute and woven plastic bags. Results of all three experiments demand immediate alteration in creation of all three bags to curtail infestation from outside (jute and woven plastic bags) as well as to generate maximum fumigation efficacy when the source of infestation is with the grains (hermetic bags).
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Both pest species entered jute bags only.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- jute bagse0
- Outcome
- insects entered the jute bags onlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“insects entered the jute bags only”
t0“Laboratory Evaluation of Storage Bags for Infestations in Wheat Caused by Rhyzopertha dominica F. (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) and Their Control Using Phosphine Fumigation”
Claim · model-written summary
R. dominica caused more weight loss and live insects in Dilkash and Akbar.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Dilkash and Akbare0
- Interactor
- R. dominica
Rhyzopertha dominicae0pest - Outcome
- weight loss and live insectse0
- Direction
- moree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“R. dominica caused more weight loss and live insects in Dilkash and Akbar varieties”
t0“Laboratory Evaluation of Storage Bags for Infestations in Wheat Caused by Rhyzopertha dominica F. (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) and Their Control Using Phosphine Fumigation”
Claim · model-written summary
T. granarium preferred Bakhar star and Dilkash to the third variety.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Bakhar star and Dilkashe0
- Interactor
- T. granarium
Trogoderma granariume0pest - Outcome
- preferrede0
- Comparator
- their third varietye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T. granarium preferred Bakhar star and Dilkash compared with their third variety”
t0“Laboratory Evaluation of Storage Bags for Infestations in Wheat Caused by Rhyzopertha dominica F. (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) and Their Control Using Phosphine Fumigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Both pests made holes in woven plastic bags.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- created holes in woven plastic bagse0
- Comparator
- hermetic plastic bagse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both species created holes in woven plastic bags but not in hermetic plastic bags”
t0“Laboratory Evaluation of Storage Bags for Infestations in Wheat Caused by Rhyzopertha dominica F. (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) and Their Control Using Phosphine Fumigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Hermetic plastic bags had no holes from either pest and remained safe from external infestation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- safe from external infestatione0
- Comparator
- the other two bagse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hermetic plastic bags remained safe from external infestation compared with the other two bags”
t0“Laboratory Evaluation of Storage Bags for Infestations in Wheat Caused by Rhyzopertha dominica F. (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) and Their Control Using Phosphine Fumigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphine fumigation caused greater than 95% pest mortality in woven plastic bags.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- phosphine tablete1
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- higherinferrede3
- Value
- >95%e0
- Comparator
- hermetic plastic bagse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mortality was >95% to 100% in woven and jute bags, respectively”
e1“A phosphine tablet (3.0 g)”
t0“Laboratory Evaluation of Storage Bags for Infestations in Wheat Caused by Rhyzopertha dominica F. (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) and Their Control Using Phosphine Fumigation”
e3“mortality was >95% to 100% in woven and jute bags, respectively”
e2“mortality in hermetic plastic bags remained very low (<3%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphine fumigation caused 100% pest mortality in jute bags.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- phosphine tablete1
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- higherinferrede3
- Value
- 100%e0
- Comparator
- hermetic plastic bagse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mortality was >95% to 100% in woven and jute bags, respectively”
e1“A phosphine tablet (3.0 g)”
t0“Laboratory Evaluation of Storage Bags for Infestations in Wheat Caused by Rhyzopertha dominica F. (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) and Their Control Using Phosphine Fumigation”
e3“mortality was >95% to 100% in woven and jute bags, respectively”
e2“mortality in hermetic plastic bags remained very low (<3%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pest mortality after fumigation in hermetic bags was below 3%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- very lowe0
- Value
- <3%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mortality in hermetic plastic bags remained very low (<3%)”
t0“Laboratory Evaluation of Storage Bags for Infestations in Wheat Caused by Rhyzopertha dominica F. (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) and Their Control Using Phosphine Fumigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Fumigant gas permeation was lowest in hermetic bags.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- fumigant gas permeatione0
- Direction
- leaste0
- Comparator
- jute and woven plastic bagse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“least fumigant gas permeation in hermetic plastic bags compared with jute and woven plastic bags”
t0“Laboratory Evaluation of Storage Bags for Infestations in Wheat Caused by Rhyzopertha dominica F. (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) and Their Control Using Phosphine Fumigation”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend altering all three bag types to limit outside infestation and improve fumigation efficacy.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- immediate alteration in creation of all three bagse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“immediate alteration in creation of all three bags to curtail infestation from outside (jute and woven plastic bags) as well as to generate maximum fumigation efficacy when the source of infestation is with the grains (hermetic bags)”
t0“Laboratory Evaluation of Storage Bags for Infestations in Wheat Caused by Rhyzopertha dominica F. (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) and Their Control Using Phosphine Fumigation”
The same questions in other papers
phosphine · pest · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.