Abstract
Rapid and accurate assessment of yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is essential for growth monitoring, efficient utilization of fertilizer and precision management. This study explored the potential of a consumer-grade DJI Phantom 4 Multispectral (P4M) camera for yield or NUE assessment in winter wheat by using the universal vegetation indices independent of growth period. Three vegetation indices having a strong correlation with yield or NUE during the entire growth season were determined through Pearson’s correlational analysis, while multiple linear regression (MLR), stepwise MLR (SMLR), and partial least-squares regression (PLSR) methods based on the aforementioned vegetation indices were adopted during different growth periods. The cumulative results showed that the reciprocal ratio vegetation index (repRVI) had a high potential for yield assessment throughout the growing season, and the late grain-filling stage was deemed as the optimal single stage with R 2 , root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.85, 793.96 kg/ha, and 656.31 kg/ha, respectively. MERIS terrestrial chlorophyll index (MTCI) performed better in the vegetative period and provided the best prediction results for the N partial factor productivity (NPFP) at the jointing stage, with R 2 , RMSE, and MAE of 0.65, 10.53 kg yield/kg N, and 8.90 kg yield/kg N, respectively. At the same time, the modified normalized difference blue index (mNDblue) was more accurate during the reproductive period, providing the best accuracy for agronomical NUE (aNUE) assessment at the late grain-filling stage, with R 2 , RMSE, and MAE of 0.61, 7.48 kg yield/kg N, and 6.05 kg yield/kg N, respectively. Furthermore, the findings indicated that model accuracy cannot be improved by increasing the number of input features. Overall, these results indicate that the consumer-grade P4M camera is suitable for early and efficient monitoring of important crop traits, providing a cost-effective choice for the development of the precision agricultural system.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
The repRVI index gave an R 2 of 0.85 for winter wheat yield assessment at the late grain-filling stage.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Organ / stage
- late grain-filling stagee2
- Outcome
- R 2e2
- Value
- 0.85e2
- Qualifier
- yield assessmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield or NUE assessment in winter wheat”
e1“the reciprocal ratio vegetation index (repRVI) had a high potential for yield assessment throughout the growing season”
e2“the late grain-filling stage was deemed as the optimal single stage with R 2 , root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.85, 793.96 kg/ha, and 656.31 kg/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
The repRVI index gave an RMSE of 793.96 kg/ha for winter wheat yield assessment at the late grain-filling stage.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- late grain-filling stagee2
- Outcome
- RMSEe2
- Value
- 793.96 kg/hae2
- Qualifier
- yield assessmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield or NUE assessment in winter wheat”
e1“the reciprocal ratio vegetation index (repRVI) had a high potential for yield assessment throughout the growing season”
e2“the late grain-filling stage was deemed as the optimal single stage with R 2 , root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.85, 793.96 kg/ha, and 656.31 kg/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
The repRVI index gave an MAE of 656.31 kg/ha for winter wheat yield assessment at the late grain-filling stage.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- late grain-filling stagee2
- Outcome
- MAEe2
- Value
- 656.31 kg/hae2
- Qualifier
- yield assessmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield or NUE assessment in winter wheat”
e1“the reciprocal ratio vegetation index (repRVI) had a high potential for yield assessment throughout the growing season”
e2“the late grain-filling stage was deemed as the optimal single stage with R 2 , root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.85, 793.96 kg/ha, and 656.31 kg/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
The MTCI index gave an R 2 of 0.65 for N partial factor productivity at the jointing stage.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- jointing stagee4
- Outcome
- R 2e4
- Value
- 0.65e4
- Qualifier
- N partial factor productivity (NPFP)e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield or NUE assessment in winter wheat”
e3“MERIS terrestrial chlorophyll index (MTCI) performed better in the vegetative period and provided the best prediction results for the N partial factor productivity (NPFP) at the jointing stage”
e4“the N partial factor productivity (NPFP) at the jointing stage, with R 2 , RMSE, and MAE of 0.65, 10.53 kg yield/kg N, and 8.90 kg yield/kg N”
Claim · model-written summary
The MTCI index gave an RMSE of 10.53 kg yield/kg N for N partial factor productivity at the jointing stage.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- jointing stagee4
- Outcome
- RMSEe4
- Value
- 10.53 kg yield/kg Ne4
- Qualifier
- N partial factor productivity (NPFP)e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield or NUE assessment in winter wheat”
e4“the N partial factor productivity (NPFP) at the jointing stage, with R 2 , RMSE, and MAE of 0.65, 10.53 kg yield/kg N, and 8.90 kg yield/kg N”
Claim · model-written summary
The MTCI index gave an MAE of 8.90 kg yield/kg N for N partial factor productivity at the jointing stage.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- jointing stagee4
- Outcome
- MAEe4
- Value
- 8.90 kg yield/kg Ne4
- Qualifier
- N partial factor productivity (NPFP)e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield or NUE assessment in winter wheat”
e4“the N partial factor productivity (NPFP) at the jointing stage, with R 2 , RMSE, and MAE of 0.65, 10.53 kg yield/kg N, and 8.90 kg yield/kg N”
Claim · model-written summary
The MTCI index performed better in the vegetative period than in other periods for prediction of N partial factor productivity.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- vegetative periode3
- Outcome
- prediction resultse3
- Direction
- bettere3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield or NUE assessment in winter wheat”
e3“MERIS terrestrial chlorophyll index (MTCI) performed better in the vegetative period and provided the best prediction results for the N partial factor productivity (NPFP) at the jointing stage”
Claim · model-written summary
The mNDblue index gave an R 2 of 0.61 for agronomical NUE assessment at the late grain-filling stage.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- late grain-filling stagee5
- Outcome
- R 2e5
- Value
- 0.61e5
- Qualifier
- agronomical NUE (aNUE) assessmente5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield or NUE assessment in winter wheat”
e5“the modified normalized difference blue index (mNDblue) was more accurate during the reproductive period, providing the best accuracy for agronomical NUE (aNUE) assessment at the late grain-filling stage, with R 2 , RMSE, and MAE of 0.61, 7.48 kg yield/kg N, and 6.05 kg yield/kg N”
Claim · model-written summary
The mNDblue index gave an RMSE of 7.48 kg yield/kg N for agronomical NUE assessment at the late grain-filling stage.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- late grain-filling stagee5
- Outcome
- RMSEe5
- Value
- 7.48 kg yield/kg Ne5
- Qualifier
- agronomical NUE (aNUE) assessmente5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield or NUE assessment in winter wheat”
e5“the modified normalized difference blue index (mNDblue) was more accurate during the reproductive period, providing the best accuracy for agronomical NUE (aNUE) assessment at the late grain-filling stage, with R 2 , RMSE, and MAE of 0.61, 7.48 kg yield/kg N, and 6.05 kg yield/kg N”
Claim · model-written summary
The mNDblue index gave an MAE of 6.05 kg yield/kg N for agronomical NUE assessment at the late grain-filling stage.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- late grain-filling stagee5
- Outcome
- MAEe5
- Value
- 6.05 kg yield/kg Ne5
- Qualifier
- agronomical NUE (aNUE) assessmente5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield or NUE assessment in winter wheat”
e5“the modified normalized difference blue index (mNDblue) was more accurate during the reproductive period, providing the best accuracy for agronomical NUE (aNUE) assessment at the late grain-filling stage, with R 2 , RMSE, and MAE of 0.61, 7.48 kg yield/kg N, and 6.05 kg yield/kg N”
Claim · model-written summary
The mNDblue index was more accurate during the reproductive period.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- reproductive periode5
- Outcome
- accuracye5
- Direction
- more accuratee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield or NUE assessment in winter wheat”
e5“the modified normalized difference blue index (mNDblue) was more accurate during the reproductive period, providing the best accuracy for agronomical NUE (aNUE) assessment at the late grain-filling stage, with R 2 , RMSE, and MAE of 0.61, 7.48 kg yield/kg N, and 6.05 kg yield/kg N”
Claim · model-written summary
Model accuracy cannot be improved by increasing the number of input features.
Verbatim
e6“model accuracy cannot be improved by increasing the number of input features”
Claim · model-written summary
The consumer-grade P4M camera is suitable for early and efficient monitoring of important crop traits in winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- early and efficient monitoring of important crop traitse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield or NUE assessment in winter wheat”
e7“the consumer-grade P4M camera is suitable for early and efficient monitoring of important crop traits”