Abstract
Achieving an economically feasible and environmentally robust model in agriculture while satisfying the expanding population’s food demands is a global challenge. Hence, a three-year (2014–2017) study was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana to design environmentally clean, energy-efficient, and profitable cropping systems. Twelve cropping systems viz., rice-wheat (CS1), basmati rice-hayola (transplanted)-mung bean (CS2), basmati rice-radish-maize (CS3), maize-potato-maize (CS4), maize + turmeric-barley + linseed (CS5), maize + turmeric-wheat + linseed (CS6), maize + radish-wheat + linseed-mung bean (CS7), groundnut + pigeon pea (5:1)-wheat + sarson (9:1) (CS8), maize + black gram-pea (bed) + celery (furrows) (CS9),: maize + pigeon pea-chickpea (bed) + gobhi sarson (furrows) (CS10), maize (green cobs) + vegetable cowpea + dhaincha (Sesbania spp.)-chickpea + gobhi sarson (CS11) and sorghum + cowpea (fodder)-wheat + gobhi sarson (9:1) (CS12) were tested in a four-times-replicated randomized block design. CS11 had the maximum system productivity (28.57 Mg ha−1), production efficiency (78.27 Kg Day−1 ha−1), irrigation water use efficiency (2.38 kg m−3), system net returns (4413.3 US$ ha−1), and benefit to cost (B:C) ratio (2.83) over others. In comparison to the CS1 system, this cropping system required ~78% less irrigation water for a unit economic production. However, the cultivation of CS12 registered the highest energy use efficiency (49.06%), net energy returns (6.46 × 103 MJ ha⁻¹), and global warming potential (GWP) (Mg CO2 e ha−1) at spatial scale. Among all the intensified systems, CS11 had the lowest GHGI (0.29 kg CO2 e kg−1). Furthermore, cultivation of CS6 resulted in the maximum bacterial and actinomycetes population in the soil, while CS5 yielded the highest fungal count (23.8 × 103 cfu g−1 dry soil) in soil. Our study suggests that the cultivation of CS11 is a resource-efficient, economically viable, and environmentally clean production system and could be a potential alternative to rice-wheat systems for developing a green economy policy for agricultural development in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of India.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
CS11 had the maximum system productivity.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize (green cobs) + vegetable cowpea + dhaincha (Sesbania spp.)-chickpea + gobhi sarson (CS11)”
e1“CS11 had the maximum system productivity (28.57 Mg ha−1)”
e3“over others”
Claim · model-written summary
CS11 had the highest production efficiency.
- Treatment
- CS11e0
- Outcome
- production efficiencye2
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 78.27 Kg Day−1 ha−1e2
- Comparator
- otherse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize (green cobs) + vegetable cowpea + dhaincha (Sesbania spp.)-chickpea + gobhi sarson (CS11)”
e1“CS11 had the maximum system productivity (28.57 Mg ha−1)”
e2“production efficiency (78.27 Kg Day−1 ha−1)”
e3“over others”
Claim · model-written summary
CS11 had the highest irrigation water use efficiency.
- Treatment
- CS11e0
- Outcome
- irrigation water use efficiencye4
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 2.38 kg m−3e4
- Comparator
- otherse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize (green cobs) + vegetable cowpea + dhaincha (Sesbania spp.)-chickpea + gobhi sarson (CS11)”
e1“CS11 had the maximum system productivity (28.57 Mg ha−1)”
e4“irrigation water use efficiency (2.38 kg m−3)”
e3“over others”
Claim · model-written summary
CS11 had the highest system net returns.
- Treatment
- CS11e0
- Outcome
- system net returnse5
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 4413.3 US$ ha−1e5
- Comparator
- otherse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize (green cobs) + vegetable cowpea + dhaincha (Sesbania spp.)-chickpea + gobhi sarson (CS11)”
e1“CS11 had the maximum system productivity (28.57 Mg ha−1)”
e5“system net returns (4413.3 US$ ha−1)”
e3“over others”
Claim · model-written summary
CS11 had the highest benefit to cost ratio.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize (green cobs) + vegetable cowpea + dhaincha (Sesbania spp.)-chickpea + gobhi sarson (CS11)”
e1“CS11 had the maximum system productivity (28.57 Mg ha−1)”
e6“benefit to cost (B:C) ratio (2.83)”
e3“over others”
Claim · model-written summary
CS11 required about 78% less irrigation water per unit economic production than CS1.
- Treatment
- this cropping systeme7
- Outcome
- irrigation water for a unit economic productione7
- Direction
- lesse7
- Value
- ~78%e7
- Comparator
- CS1 systeme7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize (green cobs) + vegetable cowpea + dhaincha (Sesbania spp.)-chickpea + gobhi sarson (CS11)”
e7“In comparison to the CS1 system, this cropping system required ~78% less irrigation water for a unit economic production”
Claim · model-written summary
CS12 had the highest energy use efficiency.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize (green cobs) + vegetable cowpea + dhaincha (Sesbania spp.)-chickpea + gobhi sarson (CS11)”
e1“the cultivation of CS12 registered the highest energy use efficiency (49.06%)”
Claim · model-written summary
CS12 had the highest net energy returns.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize (green cobs) + vegetable cowpea + dhaincha (Sesbania spp.)-chickpea + gobhi sarson (CS11)”
e1“the cultivation of CS12 registered the highest energy use efficiency (49.06%)”
e2“net energy returns (6.46 × 103 MJ ha⁻¹)”
Claim · model-written summary
CS12 had the highest global warming potential.
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize (green cobs) + vegetable cowpea + dhaincha (Sesbania spp.)-chickpea + gobhi sarson (CS11)”
e1“the cultivation of CS12 registered the highest energy use efficiency (49.06%)”
e2“global warming potential (GWP) (Mg CO2 e ha−1) at spatial scale”
Claim · model-written summary
CS11 had the lowest greenhouse gas intensity among the intensified systems.
- Treatment
- CS11e1
- Outcome
- GHGIe1
- Direction
- loweste1
- Value
- 0.29 kg CO2 e kg−1e1
- Comparator
- all the intensified systemse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize (green cobs) + vegetable cowpea + dhaincha (Sesbania spp.)-chickpea + gobhi sarson (CS11)”
e1“Among all the intensified systems, CS11 had the lowest GHGI (0.29 kg CO2 e kg−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivation of CS6 gave the maximum bacterial and actinomycetes population in soil.
- Treatment
- cultivation of CS6e1
- Outcome
- bacterial and actinomycetes population in the soile1
- Direction
- maximume1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize + turmeric-wheat + linseed (CS6)”
e1“cultivation of CS6 resulted in the maximum bacterial and actinomycetes population in the soil”
Claim · model-written summary
CS5 had the highest soil fungal count.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize + turmeric-barley + linseed (CS5)”
e1“CS5 yielded the highest fungal count (23.8 × 103 cfu g−1 dry soil) in soil”
Claim · model-written summary
CS11 could be a potential alternative to rice-wheat systems for green economy policy in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- cultivation of CS11e2
- Outcome
- alternative to rice-wheat systemse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize (green cobs) + vegetable cowpea + dhaincha (Sesbania spp.)-chickpea + gobhi sarson (CS11)”
e1“could be a potential alternative to rice-wheat systems”
e2“the cultivation of CS11 is a resource-efficient, economically viable, and environmentally clean production system”
The same questions in other papers
cultivation system · physiology: water · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- positive
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.