Abstract
Background: In recent times, termites have gained importance in agriculture as a pest in wheat crop. Famers are using chemical pesticides for the management of termites, which eventually leads to degradation of soil, insecticide residue, pest resurgence, air pollution, water pollution and also affects human health. In this regard, botanicals as an effective alternate to insecticides in the management of termites is crucial. The root and leaf extracts of Crotalaria burhia Buch-Ham and Anacardium occidentale L. against termites was evaluated. Methods: Field experiments were conducted to assess the efficacy of botanicals viz., Crotalaria burhia Buch-Ham and Anacardium occidentale L. along with Indigenous technologies, biofungicide and standard chemicals against Odontotermes obesus Rambur in wheat. An experiment was laid at the Research Farm, Institute of Pesticide Formulation Technology, Gurgaon, Haryana during two seasons, i.e., November 2014-March 2015 and during December 2015-April 2016. Result: The test botanicals incorporated along with indigenous technologies and widely recommended termiticides assessed for their efficacy against O. obesus in wheat at two locations proved to be effective in the order of imidacloprid 17.8 SL at 350 ml ha-1 greater than chlorpyrifos 20 EC at 2 l ha-1 greater than B. bassiana 2x108 at 500 ml ha-1 greater than C. burhia root extract (10%) at 50 l ha-1 greater than A. occidentale leaf dust (5%) at 25 kg ha-1 greater than irrigating plots greater than neem oil (2%) greater than dusting salt at 25 kg ha-1.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Imidacloprid was the most effective tested termite treatment in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- imidacloprid 17.8 SL at 350 ml ha-1e0
- Interactor
- O. obesus
_01.jpg?width=60)
Odontotermes obesuse0pest - Outcome
- efficacy against O. obesuse0
- Direction
- greater thane0
- Comparator
- chlorpyrifos 20 ECe0
- Setting
- two locationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_01.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The test botanicals incorporated along with indigenous technologies and widely recommended termiticides assessed for their efficacy against O. obesus in wheat at two locations proved to be effective in the order of imidacloprid 17.8 SL at 350 ml ha-1 greater than chlorpyrifos 20 EC”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorpyrifos ranked above B. bassiana against termites in wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- chlorpyrifos 20 EC at 2 l ha-1e0
- Interactor
- Odontotermes obesus RamburOdontotermes obesust1pest
- Outcome
- greater thane0
- Direction
- greater thane0
- Comparator
- B. bassiana 2x108 at 500 ml ha-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chlorpyrifos 20 EC at 2 l ha-1 greater than B. bassiana 2x108 at 500 ml ha-1”
t0“in Wheat”
t1“Termite Odontotermes obesus Rambur (Isoptera: Termitidae) in Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
B. bassiana ranked above C. burhia root extract against termites in wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B. bassiana 2x108 at 500 ml ha-1e0
- Interactor
- Odontotermes obesus RamburOdontotermes obesust0pest
- Second interactor
- B. bassianae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- greater thane0
- Direction
- greater thane0
- Comparator
- C. burhia root extract (10%) at 50 l ha-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. bassiana 2x108 at 500 ml ha-1 greater than C. burhia root extract (10%) at 50 l ha-1”
t0“Termite Odontotermes obesus Rambur (Isoptera: Termitidae) in Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
C. burhia root extract ranked above A. occidentale leaf dust against termites in wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- C. burhia root extract (10%) at 50 l ha-1e0
- Interactor
- Odontotermes obesus RamburOdontotermes obesust0pest
- Outcome
- greater thane0
- Direction
- greater thane0
- Comparator
- A. occidentale leaf dust (5%) at 25 kg ha-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C. burhia root extract (10%) at 50 l ha-1 greater than A. occidentale leaf dust (5%) at 25 kg ha-1”
t0“Termite Odontotermes obesus Rambur (Isoptera: Termitidae) in Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
A. occidentale leaf dust ranked above irrigation against termites in wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- A. occidentale leaf dust (5%) at 25 kg ha-1e0
- Interactor
- Odontotermes obesus RamburOdontotermes obesust0pest
- Outcome
- greater thane0
- Direction
- greater thane0
- Comparator
- irrigating plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. occidentale leaf dust (5%) at 25 kg ha-1 greater than irrigating plots”
t0“Termite Odontotermes obesus Rambur (Isoptera: Termitidae) in Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation ranked above neem oil against termites in wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigating plotse0
- Interactor
- Odontotermes obesus RamburOdontotermes obesust0pest
- Outcome
- greater thane0
- Direction
- greater thane0
- Comparator
- neem oil (2%)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“irrigating plots greater than neem oil (2%)”
t0“Termite Odontotermes obesus Rambur (Isoptera: Termitidae) in Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem oil ranked above salt dusting against termites in wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- neem oil (2%)e0
- Interactor
- Odontotermes obesus RamburOdontotermes obesust0pest
- Outcome
- greater thane0
- Direction
- greater thane0
- Comparator
- dusting salt at 25 kg ha-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“neem oil (2%) greater than dusting salt at 25 kg ha-1”
t0“Termite Odontotermes obesus Rambur (Isoptera: Termitidae) in Wheat”