Abstract
Naturally transgenic plants represent the result of Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer. T-DNA of soil bacteria Agrobacterium integrated into plants genome is called cellular T-DNA (cT-DNA) [1]. Today, more than 50 species of naturally transgenic plants, or natural GMO (nGMO) are known [2, 3]. The function of cT-DNA in plants remains unknown. It is assumed that the fixation of transgenes could give plants different selective advantages depending on which genes had been integrated into the plant [4]. In order to clarify this issue, it is necessary to study more naturally transgenic plants. Until recently, the list of nGM plants contained less than 2 dozen species, but a search through genomic and transriptomic sequencing data made it possible to more than double this list [2]. In this work, we used the same approach, looking for cT-DNA genes in whole genome sequencing data that have appeared in the NCBI WGS since 2021. We found 14 new species of naturally transgenic plants, among which the most extended cT-DNAs were found in Triadica sebifera, Lonicera japonica, and Lonicera maackii. The cT-DNAs in these species are organized as imperfect inverted repeats. In the genomes of the species Paulownia fortunei, Apocynum venetum, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Erythroxylum havanense, E. densum, E. daphnites, E. cataractarum, Ceriops decandra, Camellia oleifera, Silene uniflora, short cT-DNAs containing only opine synthesis genes were found. We also estimated the approximate age of the cT-DNAs. The first described examples date back to the Late Paleogene, and the process continues to the present. Thus, we can conclude that natural GMOs are a widespread phenomenon, many aspects of which remain unclear, requiring additional research on the topic. The article was made with support of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation in accordance with agreement No. 075-15-2022-322 dated 22.04.2022 on providing a grant in the form of subsidies from the federal budget of the Russian Federation. The grant was provided for state support for the creation and development of a world-class scientific center, Agrotechnologies for the Future.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Fourteen new species of naturally transgenic plants were found by searching whole genome sequencing data.
Verbatim
e0“We found 14 new species of naturally transgenic plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The most extended cT-DNAs were found in Triadica sebifera.
- Taxon
- Triadica sebifera
Triadica sebiferae0 - Outcome
- most extended cT-DNAse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the most extended cT-DNAs were found in Triadica sebifera, Lonicera japonica, and Lonicera maackii”
Claim · model-written summary
The most extended cT-DNAs were found in Lonicera japonica.
- Taxon
- Lonicera japonica
Lonicera japonicae0 - Outcome
- most extended cT-DNAse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the most extended cT-DNAs were found in Triadica sebifera, Lonicera japonica, and Lonicera maackii”
Claim · model-written summary
The most extended cT-DNAs were found in Lonicera maackii.
- Taxon
- Lonicera maackii
Lonicera maackiie0 - Outcome
- most extended cT-DNAse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the most extended cT-DNAs were found in Triadica sebifera, Lonicera japonica, and Lonicera maackii”
Claim · model-written summary
The cT-DNAs in the species with the most extended cT-DNAs are organized as imperfect inverted repeats.
Verbatim
e0“The cT-DNAs in these species are organized as imperfect inverted repeats”
Claim · model-written summary
A short cT-DNA containing only opine synthesis genes was found in the genome of Paulownia fortunei.
- Taxon
- Paulownia fortunei
Paulownia fortuneie0 - Outcome
- short cT-DNAs containing only opine synthesis genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the genomes of the species Paulownia fortunei, Apocynum venetum, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Erythroxylum havanense, E. densum, E. daphnites, E. cataractarum, Ceriops decandra, Camellia oleifera, Silene uniflora, short cT-DNAs containing only opine synthesis genes were found”
Claim · model-written summary
A short cT-DNA containing only opine synthesis genes was found in the genome of Apocynum venetum.
- Taxon
- Apocynum venetum
Apocynum venetume0 - Outcome
- short cT-DNAs containing only opine synthesis genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the genomes of the species Paulownia fortunei, Apocynum venetum, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Erythroxylum havanense, E. densum, E. daphnites, E. cataractarum, Ceriops decandra, Camellia oleifera, Silene uniflora, short cT-DNAs containing only opine synthesis genes were found”
Claim · model-written summary
A short cT-DNA containing only opine synthesis genes was found in the genome of Elaeagnus angustifolia.
- Taxon
- Elaeagnus angustifolia
Elaeagnus angustifoliae0 - Outcome
- short cT-DNAs containing only opine synthesis genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the genomes of the species Paulownia fortunei, Apocynum venetum, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Erythroxylum havanense, E. densum, E. daphnites, E. cataractarum, Ceriops decandra, Camellia oleifera, Silene uniflora, short cT-DNAs containing only opine synthesis genes were found”
Claim · model-written summary
A short cT-DNA containing only opine synthesis genes was found in the genome of Erythroxylum havanense.
- Taxon
- Erythroxylum havanense
Erythroxylum havanensee0 - Outcome
- short cT-DNAs containing only opine synthesis genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the genomes of the species Paulownia fortunei, Apocynum venetum, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Erythroxylum havanense, E. densum, E. daphnites, E. cataractarum, Ceriops decandra, Camellia oleifera, Silene uniflora, short cT-DNAs containing only opine synthesis genes were found”
Claim · model-written summary
A short cT-DNA containing only opine synthesis genes was found in the genome of E. densum.
- Taxon
- E. densumErythroxylum densume0
- Outcome
- short cT-DNAs containing only opine synthesis genese0
Verbatim
e0“In the genomes of the species Paulownia fortunei, Apocynum venetum, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Erythroxylum havanense, E. densum, E. daphnites, E. cataractarum, Ceriops decandra, Camellia oleifera, Silene uniflora, short cT-DNAs containing only opine synthesis genes were found”
Claim · model-written summary
A short cT-DNA containing only opine synthesis genes was found in the genome of E. daphnites.
- Taxon
- E. daphnitesErythroxylum daphnitese0
- Outcome
- short cT-DNAs containing only opine synthesis genese0
Verbatim
e0“In the genomes of the species Paulownia fortunei, Apocynum venetum, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Erythroxylum havanense, E. densum, E. daphnites, E. cataractarum, Ceriops decandra, Camellia oleifera, Silene uniflora, short cT-DNAs containing only opine synthesis genes were found”
Claim · model-written summary
A short cT-DNA containing only opine synthesis genes was found in the genome of E. cataractarum.
- Taxon
- E. cataractarumErythroxylum cataractarume0
- Outcome
- short cT-DNAs containing only opine synthesis genese0
Verbatim
e0“In the genomes of the species Paulownia fortunei, Apocynum venetum, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Erythroxylum havanense, E. densum, E. daphnites, E. cataractarum, Ceriops decandra, Camellia oleifera, Silene uniflora, short cT-DNAs containing only opine synthesis genes were found”
Claim · model-written summary
A short cT-DNA containing only opine synthesis genes was found in the genome of Ceriops decandra.
- Taxon
- Ceriops decandra
Ceriops decandrae0 - Outcome
- short cT-DNAs containing only opine synthesis genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the genomes of the species Paulownia fortunei, Apocynum venetum, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Erythroxylum havanense, E. densum, E. daphnites, E. cataractarum, Ceriops decandra, Camellia oleifera, Silene uniflora, short cT-DNAs containing only opine synthesis genes were found”
Claim · model-written summary
A short cT-DNA containing only opine synthesis genes was found in the genome of Camellia oleifera.
- Taxon
- Camellia oleifera
Camellia oleiferae0 - Outcome
- short cT-DNAs containing only opine synthesis genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the genomes of the species Paulownia fortunei, Apocynum venetum, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Erythroxylum havanense, E. densum, E. daphnites, E. cataractarum, Ceriops decandra, Camellia oleifera, Silene uniflora, short cT-DNAs containing only opine synthesis genes were found”
Claim · model-written summary
A short cT-DNA containing only opine synthesis genes was found in the genome of Silene uniflora.
- Taxon
- Silene uniflora
.jpg?width=60)
Silene uniflorae0 - Outcome
- short cT-DNAs containing only opine synthesis genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“In the genomes of the species Paulownia fortunei, Apocynum venetum, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Erythroxylum havanense, E. densum, E. daphnites, E. cataractarum, Ceriops decandra, Camellia oleifera, Silene uniflora, short cT-DNAs containing only opine synthesis genes were found”
Claim · model-written summary
The first described cT-DNA examples date back to the Late Paleogene and the process continues to the present.
- Outcome
- date back to the Late Paleogenee0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The first described examples date back to the Late Paleogene, and the process continues to the present”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that natural GMOs are a widespread phenomenon.
Verbatim
e0“natural GMOs are a widespread phenomenon”